The Effects of Stereotyping and Prejudice in Crime

In the world we live in today, people are naturally prone to judge others through social comparison. One of the forms of the origins in self-concept, a person judges himself or herself based on the people around them. When the person develops, they create beliefs about people and their groups. Eventually, it leads to stereotypes, prejudice and possibly, discrimination. This What Would You Do experiment uses natural observation to question the racial divide of justice and the notions of race. The scenario takes place in a well-populated park. There is a bike locked to a sign and the confederates attempt to take break the lock to steal the bike. This television episode observed the reactions of the bystanders as they tested three different groups with different confederates. The show broke down the segment into a young white male, black male and white female. Each confederate was treated vastly different due to their labels and other’s perceptions of the individual. Then people were asked about their reactions and why they acted in this manner. The first observation was a young white male, who used tools to break the bike lock and chain. Initially, most of the bystanders noticed him but did nothing to stop him. There were a few who vocalized their concern but generally, most did not report this crime to the authorities. After, they used the same scenario but just changed the person to an African American male, who was dressed similarly. In this observation, people were quickShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Religious Stereotyping And Prejudice On Teens1084 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Religious Stereotyping and Prejudice on Teens All Muslims are terrorists, Jews are greedy bankers, and America is a Christian country. These are just a few of the many stereotypes that cause negative perceptions toward minority religious groups. 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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Republic of Turkey Founder

Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk (May 19, 1881–November 10, 1938) was a Turkish nationalist and military leader who founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Atatà ¼rk served as the countrys first president from 1923 to 1938. He oversaw the passage of numerous reforms that were responsible for transforming Turkey into a modern nation-state. Fast Facts: Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk Known For: Atatà ¼rk was a Turkish nationalist who founded the Republic of Turkey.Also Known As: Mustafa Kemal PashaBorn: May 19, 1881 in Salonica, Ottoman EmpireParents: Ali RÄ ±za Efendi and  Zubeyde HanimDied: November 10, 1938 in Istanbul, TurkeySpouse: Latife Usakligil  (m. 1923–1925)Children: 13 Early Life Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk was born on May 19, 1881, in Salonica, then part of the Ottoman Empire (now Thessaloniki, Greece). His father Ali Riza Efendi may have been ethnically Albanian, though some sources state that his family was made up of nomads from the Konya region of Turkey. Ali Riza Efendi was a minor local official and a timber-seller. Mustafas mother Zubeyde Hanim was a blue-eyed Turkish or possibly Macedonian woman who (unusually for that time) could read and write. Zubeyde Hanim wanted her son to study religion, but Mustafa would grow up with a more secular turn of mind. The couple had six children, but only Mustafa and his sister Makbule Atadan survived to adulthood. Religious and Military Education As a young boy, Mustafa reluctantly attended a religious school. His father later allowed him to transfer to the Semsi Efendi School, a secular private school. When Mustafa was 7, his father died. At the age of 12, Mustafa decided, without consulting his mother, that he would take the entrance exam for a military high school. He then attended the Monastir Military High School and in 1899 enrolled in the Ottoman Military Academy. In January 1905, Mustafa graduated and began his career in the army. Military Career After years of military training, Atatà ¼rk entered the Ottoman Army as a captain. He served in the Fifth Army in Damascus until 1907. He then transferred to Manastir, now known as Bitola, in the Republic of Macedonia. In 1910, he fought to suppress the Albanian uprising in Kosovo. His rising reputation as a military man took off the following year, during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911 to 1912. The Italo-Turkish War arose from a 1902 agreement between Italy and France over dividing Ottoman lands in North Africa. The Ottoman Empire was known at that time as the sick man of Europe, so other European powers were deciding how to share the spoils of its collapse long before the event actually took place. France promised Italy control of Libya, then comprised of three Ottoman provinces, in return for non-interference in Morocco. Italy launched a massive 150,000-man army against Ottoman Libya in September 1911. Atatà ¼rk was one of the Ottoman commanders sent to repel this invasion with only 8,000 regular troops, plus 20,000 local Arab and Bedouin militia members. He was key to the December 1911 Ottoman victory in the Battle of Tobruk, in which 200 Turkish and Arab fighters held off 2,000 Italians and drove them back from the  city of Tobruk. Despite this valiant resistance, Italy overwhelmed the Ottomans. In the October  1912 Treaty of Ouchy, the Ottoman Empire signed away control of the provinces of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica, which became Italian Libya. Balkan Wars As Ottoman control of the empire eroded, ethnic nationalism spread among the various peoples of the Balkan region. In 1912 and 1913, ethnic conflict broke out twice in the First and Second Balkan Wars. In 1912, the Balkan League (made up of the newly independent Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia) attacked the Ottoman Empire in order to wrest away control of areas dominated by their respective ethnic groups that were still under Ottoman suzerainty. Through suzerainty, a nation maintains internal autonomy while another nation or region controls foreign policy and international relations. The Ottomans, including Atatà ¼rks troops, lost the First Balkan War. The following year during the Second Balkan War, the Ottomans regained much of the territory of Thrace that had been seized by Bulgaria. This fighting at the frayed edges of the Ottoman Empire was fed by ethnic nationalism. In 1914, a related ethnic and territorial spat between Serbia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire set off a chain reaction that soon involved all of the European powers in what would become World War I. World War I and Gallipoli World War I was a pivotal period in Atatà ¼rks life. The Ottoman Empire joined its allies (Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire) to form the Central Powers, fighting against Britain, France, Russia, and Italy. Atatà ¼rk predicted that the Allied Powers would attack the Ottoman Empire at Gallipoli; he commanded the 19th Division of the Fifth Army there. Under Atatà ¼rks leadership, the Turks held off a British and French attempt to advance up the Gallipoli Peninsula, inflicting a key defeat on the Allies. Britain and France sent in a total of 568,000 men over the course of the Gallipoli Campaign, including large numbers of Australians and New Zealanders. Of these, 44,000 were killed and almost 100,000 were wounded. The Ottoman force was smaller, numbering about 315,500 men, of whom about 86,700 were killed and over 164,000 were wounded. The Turks held on to the high ground at Gallipoli, keeping the Allied forces pinned to the beaches. This bloody but successful defensive action formed one of the centerpieces of Turkish nationalism in the years to come, and Atatà ¼rk was at the center of it all. Following the Allied withdrawal from Gallipoli in January 1916, Atatà ¼rk fought successful battles against the Russian Imperial Army in the Caucasus. In March 1917, he received command of the entire Second Army, although their Russian opponents withdrew almost immediately due to the outbreak of the Russian Revolution. The sultan was determined to shore up the Ottoman defenses in Arabia  and prevailed upon Atatà ¼rk to go to Palestine after the British captured Jerusalem in December 1917. He wrote to the government, noting that the situation in Palestine was hopeless, and proposed that a new defensive position be established in Syria. When Constantinople rejected this plan, Atatà ¼rk resigned his post and returned to the capital. As the Central Powers defeat loomed, Atatà ¼rk returned once more to the Arabian Peninsula to supervise an orderly retreat. The Ottoman forces lost the Battle of Megiddo in September 1918. This was the beginning of the end of the Ottoman world. Throughout October and early November, under an armistice with the Allied Powers, Atatà ¼rk organized the withdrawal of the remaining Ottoman forces in the Middle East. He returned to Constantinople on November 13, 1918, to find it occupied by the victorious British and French. The Ottoman Empire was no more. Turkish War of Independence Atatà ¼rk was tasked with reorganizing the tattered Ottoman Army in April 1919  so that it could provide internal security during the transition. Instead, he began to organize the army into a nationalist resistance movement. He issued the Amasya Circular in June of that year, warning that Turkeys independence was in peril. Mustafa Kemal was quite right on that point. The Treaty of Sevres, signed in August 1920, called for the partition of Turkey among France, Britain, Greece, Armenia, the Kurds, and an international force at the Bosporus Strait. Only a small state centered around Ankara would remain in Turkish hands. This plan was completely unacceptable to Atatà ¼rk and his fellow Turkish nationalists. In fact, it meant war. Britain took the lead in dissolving Turkeys parliament and strong-arming the sultan into signing away his remaining rights. In response, Atatà ¼rk called a new national election and had a separate parliament installed, with himself as the speaker. This was known as the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. When the Allied occupation forces tried to partition Turkey as per the Treaty of Sevres, the Grand National Assembly (GNA) put together an army and launched the War of Turkish Independence. Throughout 1921, the GNA army under Atatà ¼rk registered victory after victory against the neighboring powers. By the following autumn, Turkish nationalist troops had pushed the occupying powers out of the Turkish peninsula. Republic of Turkey On July 24, 1923, the GNA and the European powers signed the Treaty of Lausanne, recognizing a fully sovereign Republic of Turkey. As the first elected president of the new Republic, Atatà ¼rk would lead one of the worlds swiftest and most effective modernization campaigns ever. Atatà ¼rk abolished the office of the Muslim Caliphate, which had repercussions for all of Islam. However, no new caliph was appointed elsewhere. Atatà ¼rk also secularized education, encouraging the development of non-religious primary schools for both girls and boys. In 1926, in the most radical reform to date, Atatà ¼rk abolished the Islamic courts and instituted secular civil law throughout Turkey. Women now had equal rights to inherit property and divorce their husbands. The president saw women as an essential part of the workforce if Turkey was to become a wealthy modern nation. Finally, Atatà ¼rk replaced the traditional Arabic script for written Turkish with a new alphabet based on Latin. Death Mustafa Kemal became known as Atatà ¼rk, meaning grandfather or ancestor of the Turks, because of his pivotal role in founding and leading the new, independent state of Turkey. Atatà ¼rk died on November 10, 1938, from cirrhosis of the liver due to excessive alcohol consumption. He was 57 years old. Legacy During his service in the army and his 15 years as president, Atatà ¼rk laid the foundations for the modern Turkish state. While his policies are still debated today, Turkey stands as one of the success stories of the 20th century—due, in large part, to Atatà ¼rks reforms. Sources Gingeras, Ryan. Mustafa Kemal Atatà ¼rk: Heir to an Empire. Oxford University Press, 2016.Mango, Andrew. Atatà ¼rk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Overlook Press, 2002.

Our Children Are Not Poverty Pornography - 1233 Words

In Dave McBride’s â€Å"Our Children Are Not Poverty Porn† he addresses the issues that arise from considering Native children, youth and families as victims. Although this may be the case there are a lot of ideas such as self-determination, â€Å"resilience† and the â€Å"ecological model† which help address the ways that these Native people can be empowered to become leaders and intellectuals, leaving the stereotypes behind. People tend to forget that the Indigenous peoples traditions and cultures run much deeper then many think. As we have learned from the changes that have occurred after colonization and the displacement of these individuals these are people with strong self-determination. Although many people view them as sad, broken and dying there is many reasons why these people still exist today. As explained by Stephen Cornell in â€Å"American Indian Self-Determination†, only about 1.5 percent (4.7 million AI/AN people) of the total population today is made up of American Indian and Alaska Natives (Cornell, p.3). So we ask ourselves what must a population so small do to gain recognition and credibility as people of change and intelligence? As many people already know Indian land reservations for AI/AN people were established through years of court cases, treaties, unconstitutional forced migrations and oppression. Those in power in the United States during these times began to create treaties with tribal nations to secure land. Fortunately, American Indian self-determination has inShow MoreRelatedThe Vows Of Poverty, Chastity, And Obedience1071 Words   |  5 Pagesvows of poverty, chastity, and obedience allow me to fulfill God’s will, increase my holiness, and spread love among those whom I shall encounter? I must face the fact that I am not Christ, I am a sinner. 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As a small child, the grandfather who served as his father figure was Ted s beloved role model from whom he was involuntarily separated when his mother moved him to Washington State. Being torn from this father figure he

The Battle of Cannae - 1172 Words

The battle of Cannae was the third victory for the Carthaginians against the Romans, during the second Punic War [ca. 216 BCE]. The battle at Cannae would prove to be the battle that made Hannibal famous, and nearly bring the entire Roman Empire to its knees. For the Carthaginians the battle brought great victory and support to their interracial army. For the Romans it brought symbolic importance and lessons learned as well as the need for military strategic adaptation. Hannibal a great general by the age of 26 was sworn in his youth to look on the Romans with utter contempt and to destroy them in their highest ranks. The Romans on the other hand mocked Hannibal time and time again by sending out their lesser soldiers. By the time the†¦show more content†¦Hannibal proceeded to send out his African veterans to form two wings on either side of the Romans. Suddenly the crescent formation began to break up and the Romans began to flood in like a dam that has burst. Scores and s cores of them began to overtake Hannibal and his men. However the veteran Africans stood firm unlike the Roman Calvary who had fled. On the Carthaginian right wing the Numidians had triumphed over the Romans allied Calvary. Ill- matched as the Carthaginian right wing Calvary where amongst the most skilful horsemen in the world. They now pursued the enemy as they fled. At the same time the Roma legions continued to drive at Hannibal’s center. â€Å"They had penetrated so far that the African infantry on the wings projected on either side like the banks enclosing a moving river of armour.† Meanwhile Hasdrubal, Hannibal’s staff officer, who heeded the Carthaginian heavy Calvary, had completely routed the Roman right wing and now brought his horsemen around behind the roman Legions, attacking the allied horse on their left. Already disorientated from the attack by the Numidians, the Carthaginian heavy Calvary on the Romans rear proved to be too much and completed th e collapse of the Roman left wing. At a trumpets sound the moment had arrived. Hannibal’s tactic of â€Å"double envelopment† of the Roman Legions was complete. â€Å"The African troop’s heavily armed, disciplined and fresh, made their move: those onShow MoreRelatedBattle Of Cannae : The Romans1805 Words   |  8 Pages27 6/4/15 Term Paper Battle of Cannae When people think of the Roman Empire they think about the Romans excellence in everything. The Romans had their flaws, however, and it was on full display during the second Punic war when a specific battle called Cannae took place. This battle which took place on August 2, 216 highlights an important fight in the war between the Carthage Army led by Hannibal and the superpower in Rome led by officials Lucius Paullus and Gaius Varro (Cannae, 17). 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The Roman Empire had succeeded in amassing over 50,000 infantry troops and an estimated 6,000 cavalry troops. The Roman army planned to use its vast numbers to subdue the smaller numbered forces of theRead MoreHow did Rome’s creation myth influence its character? Essay627 Words   |  3 Pagesconsul, refused to leave with his troops from his fortifications as they wer e being surrounded by enemy Etruscans. Cincinnatus, appointed dictator because of his leadership abilities, left his small, three acre farm to lead his Roman Legions into battle. Not only was the Roman dictator a poor farmer, the leader of his cavalry troops and the best soldier in Rome, Lucius Tarquintius, had no money for a horse! Rome’s troops were led by poor men, yet they inspired the men more than a rich man ever couldRead MoreThe Battle Of The Punic Wars2439 Words   |  10 Pagesthrough the Romans in Ticinus, Trebia, and Lake Trasimene and Hannibal’s reputation grew as did his army. At this point in the war, he dictated the rules. This chain of events led to the Battle of Cannae in 216 B.C. (History.com, 2009). The Battle of Cannae took place on August 2, 216 B.C. in Italy, near the town of Cannae. The Roman forces, led by Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus, consisted of a heavy infantry and cavalry of about 80,000 troops. These two consuls were equipped with eightRead MoreEssay on the Punic Wars650 Words   |  3 Pagesleave battle. However, he was inhumanly cruel and untruthful. Hannibal marched his huge army of almost 60,000 soldiers and some war elephants across the Alps and straight into Italy all the, way from Spain. On the way, he lost almost half of his army and all his war elephants and came to face Rome with only 26,000 soldiers. Although his army was tired from the journey, he literally smashed the Roman armies in northern Italy. 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He was a distinguished tactician, able to determine his opponent’s strengths and weaknesses, and coordinate his battles accordingly. He also wasn’t above making allies when the time called for it, winning over many allies of Rome in the process during his 15-year invasion before a Roman counter-invasion of North Africa forced him back home to Carthage where he wasRead MoreThe Battle Of The Second Punic War2071 Words   |  9 Pagesthe entire civilized world at the time. The battles of the second Punic War show Hannibal Barca to be not only the greatest military leader of his age, but perhaps one of the greatest generals of all time. By examining one of Hannibal’s most spectacular victories, the paradigm for a battle of annihilation, military professionals can learn how the Roman commanders might have defeated Carthage’s General. In conducting an analysis of the Battle of Cannae, I will postulate an alternate outcome by introducing

Schizophrenia for Eating - Bathing and Dressing -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSchizophrenia for Eating, Bathing and Dressing. Answer: Schizophrenia is a severe mental and chronic disorder that affects the thinking, feeling and behaviour of an individual. The patients with schizophrenia seem to lose touch with reality. Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric disorder that affects the three main areas: two areas in the frontal lobe and CA1 area in the hippocampus that comprises of a small region. Although it is not a terribly common disease, it is a severe one. Globally, about 1% of the population is diagnosed with this disease mainly 1.2% (3.2 million) suffer from schizophrenia (Farmer Chapman, 2016). The lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia is 0.87% and incidence is 15.2 in 100,000 persons that show prominent variation. Epidemiological studies show that lifetime prevalence is around 1% according to National Institute for Mental Health, 2015 (National Institute for Mental Health (2015). In a recent Singapore study on mental health, Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT) is required for care delivery by different healthcare prof essionals in providing care to the schizophrenic patients. Therefore, the following assignment will discuss the development of MDT, identification of interventions in providing best care while working with clients suffering from mental health conditions in Singapore. Schizophrenia is a severe and challenging disorder in which a person is unable to distinguish between unreal and real, clearly think, manage motions and function normally. There is fear, confusion experienced in schizophrenic patients and seem to withdraw from the social world. There is also disruption of normal daily activities like eating, bathing, dressing or running errands. Schizophrenia is likely to develop more in males than females at an earlier age between 16 and 25 years and average onset age is 25 in women and 18 in men. The peak onset of the disease in males is 20-28 years and in females, 26-32 years (Chong et al., 2017). The onset is rare in childhood as compared to middle or older age groups. According to World Health Organization (WHO), schizophrenia affects more than 21 million people globally; however, it is not common as compared to other mental health disorders (World Health Organization, 2010). There is stigmatization, discrimination and violation of rights of peo ple living with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a clinical diagnosis that is differentiated from other medical illnesses where there is requirement of integration of medical, psychosocial and psychological inputs carried out by MDT. Antipsychotic medications help in the prevention of relapses or in diminishing the positive schizophrenic symptoms. The exact etiology of schizophrenia is still unknown. However, research suggests that it is a combination of causes including genetics and environmental factors. According to Ripke et al., (2013) the genomic experiments suggest that schizophrenia is mainly associated with SNPs with alleles and uncommon copy number variations (mainly deletions). Recently, researchers have identified a gene named C4 or complement component 4 that is involved in immune system that increases the risk of the mental illness (Sekar et al., 2016). After the conduction of tests in mice and humans, this identified gene is involved in the elimination of connections between neurons called synaptic pruning. The strongest genetic predictor that increases schizophrenia risk is located on chromosome 6 on DNA (Ripke et al., 2014). According to Reichenberg et al., (2016) although genetic factors are involved in the disease etiology, environment also plays an important role in the development of the illness affecting gene expression. In the early life, factors like maternal nutrition, obstetric complications, maternal stress and postnatal or prenatal infections increases the risk of schizophrenia as proposed by EU-GEI, 2014. In the later life, drug abuse, ethnicity or migration, social adversity, urbanization is also the environmental factors that might increase the risk of this illness. The contributing factors that increases schizophrenia risk has a great impact on the life of the people suffering from the disease. It affects their everyday life and overall quality of life. It is troublesome to life alteration that affects personal, professional and social life. There is tendency of the individuals to withdraw themselves from others and exhibit mood behaviors that are inappropriate making relationships difficu lt. Symptoms associated with the disease like delusions or hallucinations hinder them from participating their family chores and social life. There is also reduced physical performance due to worsening of physical health exacerbating Activities of Daily Living (ADL) disability (Patel et al., 2014). The resultant impairments are witnessed across ADL from basic activities to mobility and job skills. Concisely, schizophrenia has a potential impact on the motor abilities, cognition and physical capacity hampering overall quality of life. Schizophrenia is a complex disorder that involves the multiple pathways dysregulation where dopaminergic, GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter are affected. Anatomic, immune system and neurotransmitter abnormalities have implications on the schizophrenia pathophysiology. There is identification of deficits in the acetylcholine muscarinic receptors where inflammation has been found to be the major contributor to the development, exacerbation of schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies shows that there is decrease in brain volume, enlarged ventricles in the medial temporal areas along with changes witnessed in hippocampus. Anatomic abnormalities are seen in the limbic and neocortical regions and in the interconnection of white-matter tracts that are reduced in the brains of schizophrenic patients. There are abnormalities seen in the dopaminergic systems exhibiting hypodopaminergic activity in mesocortical system that leads to negative symptoms and hyperdopaminergic activity that lead to positive symptoms (Jenkins, 2013). There is also over activation and disturbance in the immune system that may result in inflammatory cytokines over expression and alteration in function and structure of brain. For example, elevated proinflammatory cytokine level activates kynurenine pathway where tryptophan is metabolized into quinolinic and kynurenic acids. These acids cause regulation of NMDA receptor activity involved in the regulation of dopamine. Metabolic disturbances and insulin resistance are common in schizophrenia linked to inflammation (Lee et al., 2014). Therefore, inflammation may be related to the schizophrenia psychopathology and metabolic disturbances. The complications of schizophrenia are devastating as it affects the human emotion, thought and expression. There are only 20% of the full recovery chances after a first schizophrenic episode that improves their quality of life. Among the medical illnesses, diabetes occurs in schizophrenia as the anti-psychotic drugs elevate the blood sugar levels. In addition, depression is also common because of negative social impact common in the later adulthood. It also affects the social status, as there is decline in the inability to perform the ADLs and earn a living. The long-term effects include relationships and professional life that leads to social exclusion. Intelligence is also affected, as there is decline in IQ reflecting early nerve damage, however, it is not an inevitable cause for schizophrenia disease progression. Suicide is also a complication due to the frightening behavior and they tend to withdraw themselves from others or causes self-harm. An estimated, 9-14% of people commi t suicide out of 20-50% schizophrenic patients and behave violently as compared to the general population (Howes Murray, 2014). The above description shows that schizophrenia is a serious mental health problem that is occurring widely, frequently causing severe disability, and diminishing quality of life. There is high incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia worldwide that is contributing to the burden of disease. Schizophrenia is a psychotic condition that is affecting the overall quality of life indicating lower quality of life, loss of productivity, distress and secondary mental health problems like depression for the patients, their families and caregivers. Therefore, the above discussion shows that this mental health problem of schizophrenia is worth investigating and requires MDT approach for the care delivery to the patients. For the treatment of schizophrenia, MDT approach that integrates psychopharmacologist, therapist, physicians, clinical pharmacists, nurses being the valuable members of the team. This MDT comprises of consultant who would discuss the medical problems related to schizophrenia along with prescribed medication. The psychiatrist would discuss the aspects of the illness so that the patient has a better look in overall life. The psychiatrist would discuss with the doctors and help in the recovery process for the clinical and social functioning of the schizophrenia patient. Social worker is also important who would encourage the patient for social integration and cope with environmental life aspects. Among this MDT, nurses play the most important role that provide all aspects of care in every phase of the disease in the psychiatric setting. Psychotherapist provides effective therapy for the best management of the unhealthy thinking in schizophrenia and develops new patterns that can help pa tient learn best ways to manage symptoms. The interventions are discussed in the next section. Antipsychotic treatment is the first pharmacological intervention that is used for the prevention of relapses and positive symptoms of schizophrenia (Kishimoto et al., 2013). Approximately, relapses occur within 1 year in around 80% of the patients if the medications are suddenly stopped. The choice of drug for schizophrenia treatment depends on the factors like cost, effectiveness, method of delivery, side-effect burden, tolerability and availability. The best choice of drug is the second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), major tranquilizers or neuroleptic medications helps in diminishing the symptoms and in reducing the chances of relapses. SGAs have minimal extrapyramidal side effects (EP) as compared to the first generation counterparts. SGAs class of drugs includes clozapine, aripiprazole, iloperidone, olanzapine, risperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone. These class of drugs have prominent serotonin 5HT2A combined with D2 antagonism along with a unique receptor-binding profile for muscarinic, histamine and and serotonin receptors (Fonseka, Richter Mller, 2014). SGAs work principally by antagonizing or blocking the dopamine action at its receptors that in turn decreases the chemical signals that drives the violent or psychotic behaviour. The rationale for choosing this class of drugs is that EPS risk is less that are characterized by tremors, muscular rigidity, restlessness, shuffling movement and muscular spasms that result in abnormal posture (Nielsen et al., 2015). This new generation of antipsychotics are better tolerated and superior in the treatment of negative schizophrenic symptoms. It also reduces the tardive dyskinesia having more clinical efficacy in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. The areas of brain where cognition and emotion balance are affected by dopamine and serotonin; SGAs perform dual function to reset the balance when altered. Therefore, this class of drugs balances the disturbances in neurotransmitters that are manifested in schizophrenia being the best pharmacological treatment option. However, SGAs can cause side effects and bad interactions when used with other medications. It may cause uncontrollable movements like tremors, muscle spasms, weight gain, drowsiness, dizziness, restlessness, dry mouth, vomiting. The safe administration is important and among the MDT, nurses play the vital role in understanding the medication pharmacology, side effects and contraindications in a hospital setting. According to Divac et al., (2014) nurses lack in-depth knowledge about antipsychotics and fail to identify the potential adverse side effect of antipsychotics. Therefore, nurses have to consider parameters like patient safety, Extrapyramidal Syndromes, metabolic considerations, QTc Prolongation and Torsades de Pointes and employ patient education. Routine assessment of neurological status, ambulatory status and orthostatic vital signs is important for patient safety. Nurse should look for the EPS via early detection and look for serum glucose, weight, serum lipids and choles terol levels in the patient. Finally, for the safe use of drugs and reduce side effects, patient should be educated to look for the adverse effects and encourage them to continue with the prescribed medications. Another intervention is cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) that treats the schizophrenia residual symptoms (both positive and negative types). CBT help the patients to learn them to live better, avoid relapse and reduction in certain symptoms. A psychotherapist helps the patient to change their perspectives of harmful or destructive beliefs and reduce suicidal ideation in an outpatient setting. The therapist helps the patient in transforming the negative or harmful cognitive patterns into positive and healthy beliefs (Subramaniam et al., 2012). The rationale for choosing CBT is that it helps patients to identify the triggering symptoms and handle their stresses and responsibilities better while living with the disease. The role of a psychotherapist is not to cure the disease, but to improve the functional ability of the person, independence, better management and reduction of stress that they experience in their daily life. Behavioural experiments, cognitive restructuring, coping sk ill training and self-monitoring are the CBT approaches that help patients to lead a normal life while living with the disease. Community services are also helpful that work in conjunction with the psychiatric care for the schizophrenic patients that minimize the social impact of the disease. Community-based mental health services provide full range of mental health care that are dedicated in the treatment and helping patients to relieve them from distress and enhance social inclusion. There is stigmatization and discrimination regarding mental health disorders and so, community care services emphasize on the improvement of quality of life, de-stigmatization of mental illness and promotion of self-sufficiency. Silver Ribbon in Singapore reaches out to the schizophrenic patients to help them build positive mental health. The community resources provide them an opportunity for the patients to reintegrate into the local community and help them lead a normal life. Singapore Association for Mental Health (SAMH), SACS that provide peer support, illness management and recovery program for schizophrenia. Club Heal ai ms to empower and assist schizophrenic patients to regain confidence and help them in community reintegration. National Council of Social Service provides support to schizophrenic patients for community integration by providing support services for seamless recovery. In Singapore, schizophrenia is the ninth leading cause of disability (2.7% since 2007, disability-adjusted life-years) and has been incorporated in the National Chronic Disease Management for the enhancement of patients care suffering from schizophrenia. It requires MDT approach for care delivery by different healthcare professionals in providing care to the schizophrenic patients. Researchers have identified a gene named C4 or complement component 4 that is involved in immune system that increases the risk of the mental illness. Antipsychotic treatment is the first pharmacological intervention and CBT improve the functional ability of the person, independence, better management and reduction of stress that they experience in their daily life. Community-based mental health services provide full range of mental health care for social inclusion and improve their quality of life. References Chong, S. A., Abdin, E., Vaingankar, J. A., Heng, D., Sherbourne, C., Yap, M., ... Subramaniam, M. (2017). A population-based survey of mental disorders in Singapore. Retrieved from: https://open-access.imh.com.sg/handle/123456789/4547 Divac, N., Prostran, M., Jakovcevski, I., Cerovac, N. (2014). Second-generation antipsychotics and extrapyramidal adverse effects.BioMed research international,2014. Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/656370 European Network of National Networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions in Schizophrenia (EU-GEI. (2014). Identifying gene-environment interactions in schizophrenia: contemporary challenges for integrated, large-scale investigations.Schizophrenia bulletin,40(4), 729. Doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbu069 Farmer, R. F., Chapman, A. L. (2016).Behavioral activation. American Psychological Association. Fonseka, T. M., Richter, M. A., Mller, D. J. (2014). Second generation antipsychotic-induced obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a review of the experimental literature.Current psychiatry reports,16(11), 510. Doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0510-8 Howes, O. D., Murray, R. M. (2014). Schizophrenia: an integrated sociodevelopmental-cognitive model.The Lancet,383(9929), 1677-1687. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62036-X Jenkins, T. A. (2013). Perinatal complications and schizophrenia: involvement of the immune system.Frontiers in neuroscience,7. Doi: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00110 Kishimoto, T., Agarwal, V., Kishi, T., Leucht, S., Kane, J. M., Correll, C. U. (2013). Relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of second-generation antipsychotics versus first-generation antipsychotics.Molecular psychiatry,18(1), 53. Doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.143 Lee, A. A., McKibbin, C. L., Bourassa, K. A., Wykes, T. L., Andren, K. A. K. (2014). Depression, diabetic complications and disability among persons with comorbid schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes.Psychosomatics,55(4), 343-351.Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2013.12.015 National Institute for Mental Health (2015) Schizophrenia homepage. Retrieved 15 June 2015, from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml Nielsen, R. E., Levander, S., Kjaersdam Telleus, G., Jensen, S. O. W., stergaard Christensen, T., Leucht, S. (2015). Second?generation antipsychotic effect on cognition in patients with schizophreniaa meta?analysis of randomized clinical trials.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,131(3), 185-196. Doi: 10.1111/acps.12374 Patel, R., Jayatilleke, N., Jackson, R., Shetty, H., Stewart, R., McGuire, P. (2014). Poster# S170 Identifying Negative Symptoms In Schizophrenia And Association With Clinical Outcomes Using Natural Language Processing.Schizophrenia Research,153, S151.Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(14)70449-9 Reichenberg, A., Cederlf, M., McMillan, A., Trzaskowski, M., Kapara, O., Fruchter, E., ... Plomin, R. (2016). Discontinuity in the genetic and environmental causes of the intellectual disability spectrum.Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences,113(4), 1098-1103. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1508093112 Ripke, S., Neale, B. M., Corvin, A., Walters, J. T., Farh, K. H., Holmans, P. A., ... Pers, T. H. (2014). Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci.Nature,511(7510), 421. Doi:10.1038/nature13595 Ripke, S., O'Dushlaine, C., Chambert, K., Moran, J. L., Khler, A. K., Akterin, S., ... Kim, Y. (2013). Genome-wide association analysis identifies 13 new risk loci for schizophrenia.Nature genetics,45(10), 1150-1159. doi:10.1038/ng.2742 Sekar, A., Bialas, A. R., de Rivera, H., Davis, A., Hammond, T. R., Kamitaki, N., ... Genovese, G. (2016). Schizophrenia risk from complex variation of complement component 4.Nature,530(7589), 177. Doi: 10.1038/nature16549 Subramaniam, M., Vaingankar, J., Heng, D., Kwok, K. W., Lim, Y. W., Yap, M., Chong, S. A. (2012). The Singapore Mental Health Study: an overview of the methodology.International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research,21(2), 149-157. Doi: 10.1002/mpr.1351 World Health Organisation (2010). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision version 2010. 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Effects of Part-Time Job to Academic Performance Among Fourth Year College Students free essay sample

Effects of Part-Time Job to Academic Performance among Fourth Year College Students in Ateneo de Zamboanga University Khadija A. Arip Lorraine Mae P. Bastasa Writing and Research Ms. Daryl Jane B. Barrios Table of Contents I. ABSTRACT II. INTRODUCTION III. BODY A. Definition of Part- Time Job B. Possible Causes of Part Time Jobs in College C. Effects of Part Time Work in College D. Advantages and Disadvantages IV. CONCLUSION Abstract Most likely, every student transcends their limitations nowadays. They juggle time in working, education, and social life. essay writing service hong kong For what reason that is, well, they do this in order to be able to pay up for education expenses. Some others just do this to earn a little extra spending money, for them to be able to buy something which they want to avail without them begging their parents for it. Basically, part time work is their only choice to get that money they need if they do not have student loans offered at their university. Some students need to pay up for rent, tuition, and etc. Working part time gives them the money and the thought of realizing how important it is. They are also provided with the thought of handling their responsibilities very well if they work part time during college days. Indeed, working while studying can be tough to handle. It forces you to manage your time and your responsibilities. Sometimes, it makes you choose between the two. Students today tend to sacrifice their time for social life to earn some extra spending cash. They end up being way too busy to have a social life. They don’t even have enough time to sleep which affects their daily performance at school. They juggle these responsibilities for a few income or profit. They do all of that for money. Introduction First of all, when students have a job they will earn money, some of these students need the money to pay for expensive schools, while other students need it to make their life easier. Some students will not worry about many things in their life such as food, rent and bills especially if they obtained lot of money from their job. Some schools are very expensive, even the parents students’ cannot pay all the fee for these schools, thus the students have to obtain a part-time job which would help them to provide money for school fees and for themselves. Having a part-time job after class may be a good option for students to gain more valuable experience. However, some people are worrying about the part-time job will pose a bad influence on study. How to handle a part-time job and how to balance it with study seems to become a significant question. Proper arrangements for study and part-time job can make college students enjoy working for a company and enrich their reference. Reasons for taking up part time jobs are to earn extra income, daily allowances and for experience. Despite having lessons uring weekdays, some of the students still work during weekdays. There are negative and positive effects on students who have part-time jobs. They gain many skills and have many experiences for example; they learn a lot about life and improve their language from the people in their work. Also, the work affect on their studying and their normally way of living. Some students are working until midnight, so they have to sleep lately which could make them tired all day. Thus, they will be late or missing their class. Definition of Part Time Job Literally, part time is described as something which involves less than a normal or standard time. From this basis, we can now state that a part time work is a work which does not require you working full time. Basically, a part time job refers to an employment position wherein fewer hours per week are put into work by an individual than the regular full time job. Most people who work part time jobs to gain primary income are students and elderly citizens. Low wage workers earn this type of job to supplement their primary incomes. Other workers with no full time job also seek part time jobs to gain little profit. These kinds of workers don’t generally enjoy the employment benefits and rewards that are available to full time employees. Sometimes an employer requires someone to do part time jobs in order to see what an individual is capable of his work and tasks. They try to see whether the individual is suited to work full time at their company or not. If they lasted in this sort of training presented to them by their employer then they might be asked to work full time on the said company. Most commonly, part time employment is found at fast foods, restaurants, retail store, factory, public library, universities, and call centers. If people are sort of looking for part time work in order to gain a little income, they most prefer to go to these sorts of companies. Frequents searchers of part time jobs are the students between ages 17-23. Most of them are in high school and colleges. They do part time works to have a little extra pocket money with them. Others look in order to find money for educational expenses. Many individuals also seek part-time weekend jobs to supplement their incomes or voluntarily take up such jobs which match their passions or pursuits outside of their primary employment. An individual may take on a second job to augment his income. Second jobs can be full-time or part-time positions. For all we know, part time jobs are just around us. We might have known somebody who is into this kind of work. They work in order to gain primary income or just a little money for something they want so badly. Judging from the economic status of our country, people often work even if they are in college just to finish their education. Sometimes what our parents can give us are always not enough for what we need. In order to help them around the burden, we work a little, even if that costs us our time for enjoyment and pleasure with our friends. Possible Causes of Part Time Jobs in College At this moment, students are increasingly likely to work in college. Working students can be categorized into two groups. These are the â€Å"students who work† and the â€Å"workers who study. † Almost two thirds of undergraduates consider themselves as the students who work; the other third are the workers who study. Around the economic status of our society, students tend to work their time in order to pay up for college. That is the primary cause why there are workers who study, which works full time just for them to be able to finish their education. They lack the time to enjoy a night or day out with their classmates and the time to study if their employers are not that understandable in terms of working in college. As for the students who work, well, they just work in order to gain a little profit out of it. They work part time in order to have a little money for something they want so badly. For instance, Girlie wanted this dress from a store but her allowance isn’t enough for her to be able to buy it, and she was too ashamed to ask something from her parents, she works on a public library for a few hours in a week for her to get money, gifting her dress that she always wanted. Some just work in order to gain a little cash for emergency purposes. Effects of Part Time Work in College Primarily, most of the effects of part time work while studying are not beneficial. If students tend to work while studying they end up being deficient in time to study. Most part time works require way too much hours per week, and they lose this time wherein they can engage themselves in studying for a big exam next week. Yes, they can always suggest that they can bring their tons of books to the workplace, in that way, they can study whenever there is nothing left to do. But that’s if their managers or employers allowed them to do that. Some employers are not that pitiful to students who work while studying. Sometimes they tell them to work first and the students are left in the middle wherein they are needed to choose between work and school. A burden of such might result to the student picking up work since it is more beneficial in terms of money and declining school since in order to finish education you will have to need the money. Although sometimes, the effect of part time employment for students might be good. For example, working while studying lets you earn the experience that you might need when you apply for a full time work after graduating. It could add up to your behavior at the workplace which was always needed information in terms of applying for a full time job. [pic] Figure 1. 0 Type of Work The data show the different type of work that the students have. The data shows that 10 of the students work as a crew member in fast-food and only 1 work as a singer in the bar. Students work as crew member in fast-food because it is the most popular part-time job. Some of them work as tutor because they use and share their knowledge. A little of them work as dance instructor, these students who are dance instructor teaches other student and they teach outside university. [pic] Figure 2. 0 Place of work The figure shows the work place of the students. The data shows that 10 of them work at fast-food and only 1 works at the bar. Fast-food is the number one workplace. [pic] Figure 3. 0 If the salary is good enough The data shows if the students’ salary is enough. Most the students answer yes and few of them answer no. Advantages Disadvantages Advantages: 1. Working while studying gains you the experience that you might need when you apply for a full time job after graduation. 2. Part time work earns you a little money which can give a sense of pride and accomplishment. 3. Having a part time work can give you extra spending money to buy things without you having to beg it from your parents. . Working for money makes you understand that money does not come from trees and appreciate the things that your parents provide for you. 5. Having a job can give you a sense of financial independence as you are not reliant to your parents. 6. Working in college can you the experience and knowledge about working and its environment. 7. Students will also realize the importance of higher education because after seein g a co-worker twice your age at Jollibee, you realize that what you are doing isn’t something you want to do for the rest of your life. . Having part time work forces you to learn time management. It makes you understand that time really is gold. 9. Earning extra money in college makes you understand that responsibility builds character, and having more of it will just enhance your moral fiber. 10. A part time job can help you interact better with others. It can also help you enhance your leadership and teamwork skills. Disadvantages 1. Working takes a lot of time from school work and socializing. 2. Part time work limits the amount of extracurricular activities that you can take up. . The time spent from working off a part time job is the time that was lost, which could’ve been used for a much more beneficial stuff like homework, sleeping, studying, or just chilling out with friends. 4. Part time work can take off your time away from sleep which affects your performan ce in school and other activities such as sports. 5. A part time work can also be hard to fit in a student’s busy schedule in college. As many of us would not want to what do a sacrifice our free time for a little extra cash. 6. The job might have requirements where you have to go to work even if you can’t because you have an important test coming up. 7. Not all employers are sympathetic enough to let you bring your books and notes to your workplace when you have a big exam coming up tomorrow. 8. Sometimes, employers makes you choose between school and work which gets to the result of you choosing work over school since it provides you money as for school, you need money to finish it. 9. Juggling time between work, education, and social life can be an incredibly tough task to do. Balancing time wouldn’t be that easy. Conclusion