Agency Theory Reconsidered Essay

â€Å"Angel Agents: Agency Theory Reconsidered† is an article that explores the relationship between agents and company owners. The article opens by stating the premise that company executives, who fail to operate under the every single objective of owners, don’t have the company’s best interest at heart. But the writers refute this by arguing that executives at times can be more engaging than the owners themselves; and for that reasons could make the best decisions for stakeholders. The writers pose a different spin on the Agency Theory, which holds that unless carefully monitor company executives will use information to exploit owners. The article tries to dispel the idea that agents are opportunistic but rather show ways that owners exhibit their greedy ways. The author offer examples like family owners appropriate company funds for family benefit and when poor investments by owners cause company down-sizing or acquiring. As a result CEOs are sometimes influenced by powerful owners. So in an effort to reconsider how agents can receive a  more favorable or lighter view; the writers expound on the pressures that agents operate under. The article notes how executives are majorly blame for any failures a company may experience. Furthermore, the executives position are emphasis by stating the it is virtually impossible for executives to behave appropriately, if directed poorly by owners. Writers take a look in retrospect at the â€Å"Renault Case† that deals executive Pierre Lefaucheux’s action has a company executive. In an effort to work toward his vision of created an affordable people’s car, he went up against company owners and the government and refuse to turnover company profits. Instead he invested the profits and as a result experienced phenomenal revenues and profits. In conclusion, there is evidence of agency theory in business today but the article compels the system for Angel Agents to step up and be responsible about business affairs. Although it may be risky to face those that are able to terminate you, writers provide the example of Lefauchex who faced giants receiving desired results.

Culture, Values and Communications

We live in the humanity of demanding worldwide rations. We comprise the aptitude to communicate with the populace thousands miles apart at the flicker of an eye. Though this looks and is, to nearly all, a splendid supremacy to be appreciated, it can be for a few a world bewilderment and aggravation started by their own observations and values. These obstacles to culture assortment subsist because of the ways in which dissimilar cultures ease acuity and values concerning other and themselves.Culture can be depicted as the arrangement through which communication can be invented and sporadic. Culture pacts with the manner people live. Culture is well-read through perception that is shaped in a variety of ways, where we are born and hoisted, the language we study, the people and the surroundings with which we exist and the psychosomatic spur we stumble upon. Reasonably, with the intention of successfully converse with other customs, we should first see the sights to which we pledge to re cognize the ways that we present obstacles distinguish culture variations.Culture usually refers to guides of human bustle and the figurative arrangements that give such actions significance and magnitude. Cultures can be â€Å"understood as classifications of signs and gist that even their maker’s challenge that is short of preset limits, that are continuously in fluctuation, and that interrelate and contend with one another† Culture can be cleared as all the ways of life as well as arts, beliefs and institutions of a inhabitants those are approved down from generation to generation.Culture has been called â€Å"the manner of life for a whole civilization. † As such, it comprises rules of etiquettes, outfit, language, religious conviction, customs, and games, norms of behavior such as law and ethics, and schemes of belief as well as the art. Great societies often have subcultures, or factions of group with separate sets of manners and beliefs that distinguish t hem from a larger culture of which they are a component. The subculture may be idiosyncratic because of the age of its members, or by their race, traditions, class, or sexual category.The traits that establish a subculture as divergent may be artistic, spiritual, professional, opinionated, sexual or a mixture of these factors. Local cultures of the world arise equally by realm and ethnic group and more largely, by bigger regional distinctions. Resemblances in culture frequently happen in geologically close by peoples. Many regional cultures have been prejudiced by get in touch with with others, such as by colonization, trade, migration, mass media, and religion. Culture is vibrant and changes over time.In doing so, cultures attract external influences and amend to altering surroundings and technologies. Thus, culture is reliant on communication. Local cultures alter swiftly with new communications and transportation technologies that permit for better movement of people and thoughts among cultures. An individual and cultural worth is a relative ethic value, a supposition upon which execution can be extrapolated. A value system is a set of constant values and procedures. A standard value is a base upon which other principles and procedures of honesty are based.Values are considered slanted and differ across people and cultures. Types of values comprise ethical/moral norms, doctrinal/ideological (political, religious) values, communal values, and artistic values. It is debated whether some values are inherent. Individual principles develop from conditions with the external world and can alter over time. His reliability in the application of values refers to its permanence; persons have reliability if they relate their values fittingly regardless of arguments or negative fortification from others.Values are applied suitably when they are practical in the correct area. For example, it would be suitable to concern religious values in times of contentment and in tim es of desolation. Personal values developed early in life perhaps opposed to modify. They may be derivative from those of meticulous groups or systems, such as customs, religion, and political party. Nevertheless, personal standards are not widespread; one's relations, inhabitants, generation and chronological surroundings help settle on one's personal values.This is not to utter that the value perceptions themselves are not collective, simply that each individual have a sole origin of them i. e. an individual acquaintance of the suitable values for their individual genes, manners and skills. Values are linked to the customs of a civilization, but they are more broad and conceptual than norms. Norms are set of laws for deeds in particular circumstances, whereas values recognize what should be umpired as fine or awful. Flying the national flag on a festival is a custom, but it reveals the value of loyalty.Wearing dark clothing and emerging somber are normative behaviors at an interme nt. They imitate the values of reverence and sustain of associates and relatives. Communication is the procedure of stabbing to pass on information from a dispatcher to a recipient with the use of a means. Communication entails that all parties have a region of forthcoming harmony. There are aural means, such as speaking, singing and at times tenor of voice, and nonverbal, substantial way, such as body language, sign lingo, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, or the use of testing.Communication is cleared as a procedure by which we allocate and express sense in an effort to generate communal accepting. This procedure needs an enormous inventory of talents in intrapersonal and interpersonal dispensation, listening, examining, communicating, inquiring, investigating, and assessing. Use of these processes is developmental and moves to all areas of life residence, school, society, employment, and afar. It is through communication that association and assistance arise.

Qualitative Article Review Essay

Purpose The purpose of this article is to show that there is a correlation between dropout rates and teen pregnancy, and to discuss ways to prevent teen pregnancy. The American Promise Alliance evaluated data on school districts that struggle with both poor school completion and high numbers of teen births. They identified 25 schools with the highest dropout and teen pregnancy rates. And they also evaluated school districts with high school completion rates and innovative pregnancy prevention programs to help students avoid early pregnancy and parenthood. The 25 persistently low achieving school districts account for twenty percent of all high school dropouts in the USA. Thirty percent of all teen girls that drop out of school cite pregnancy or parenthood as the reason. Thirty four percent young women who were teen mothers did not earn a diploma or GED. Less than two percent of teen mothers attained a college degree by age 30. School districts with higher school completion rates recognized the correlation between teen pregnancy and school dropout; they initiated programs to address these two high priorities. School districts collaborated with organizations receiving federally funded teen pregnancy prevention grants, such as US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of Adolescent Health’s (OAH), and evidenced based Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program(TPP). Through their collaboration, grantees could use the funds in a variety of evidenced based models to meet the needs of their school, community and the age of the students being served. Description of Participants/Sample The participants in this study were all the teenagers in the USA. All USA students that attended public schools were a part of the data collection. School completion, pregnancy rate and dropout rate data was gathered from every public school in all the US school districts. Research Design/Data Analysis America’s Promise Alliance analyzed data from four reputable sources on teen pregnancy and dropout rates, and identified the school districts with the highest dropout rates. They also analyzed the data on teen birth rates or teen pregnancy rates from these school districts with high dropout rates. Method Diplomas Count 2011, Common Core of Data (CCD), VitalStats and Child Trend were the four sources of data information that was used to examine the number of dropouts and teen births within the 25 persistently lowest achieving school districts. Diplomas Count is a national report from Education Week and Editorial Projects in Education (EPE) Research Center, which provides graduation rates and graduation trends for all the public schools in the USA. Diplomas Count then identifies the 25 persistently lowest achieving school. Data on total school enrollment and enrollment by grade level was extracted from CCD. VitalStats and Child Trends provided data on teen birth rates and numbers. Results The data draws a parallel between high school dropouts and teen births. The data shows the school districts that struggle with poor school completion and high numbers of teen births and how various school districts are tackling these issues. Opportunities for Further Research The America’s Promise Alliance needs to collect more data for evidence that teen pregnancy caused dropouts, rather than just being correlated with dropout rate. After the 25 identified school districts with the high dropout and teen pregnancy rate implemented pregnancy prevention, the Alliance could check back in a year with these school districts to see if the dropout rate changed. Threats to Validity The four sources cited in this study are all very reputable sources that are cited often in the field of education. But although the America’s Promise Alliance spent a lot of discussion regarding the link between dropout rates and teen pregnancy, and suggesting that combating teen pregnancy could lower dropout rates, they ended the article by saying â€Å"readers should note that this data is meant only to draw a parallel between high school dropouts and teen births. No quantitative analysis to examine the statistical significance of the association between these two issues was performed and, therefore, causality should not be inferred.† They spent most of the article talking about things (teen pregnancy and dropout rates) that only made sense if there was causation, and then at the end of the article they retracted this conclusion from the readers. Insight and Criticism Teens getting pregnant while still in school are more likely to drop out of school, but the data in this article does not prove this, but I think it made a strange correlation between the two. There may be other factors that make pregnancy and dropping out more likely. Implications of Findings Thirty percent of teen girls who drop out of school cite pregnancy or parenthood as their reason. The connection between teen pregnancy or teen parenthood and educational attainment is strong. All interested parties in the prospect of these teen parents and their children need to collaborate and develop strategies to reduce the risk of them dropping out of school. References Shuger, L. (2012). Teen pregnancy and High School Dropout: What Communities are Doing to Address These Issues. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned pregnancy and America’s Promise Alliance. Retrieved November 2012, from www.thenationalcampaign.org/resources/†¦/teen-preg-hs-dropout.pdf

Video analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video analysis - Essay Example The speaker has a very interesting way of introducing her speech. She begins by providing a real statistics of the world’s population that live in the cities. This serves to draw the attention of the audience as many people are not aware of such statistics. She delivers key facts that serves to prepare the audience on the topic as well as making them aware that she is well versed with the topic she is about to speak on. Most of the global challenges that are facing the world such as global warming, gas emissions, excessive energy use, and poverty among others occurs in the cities and are thus city problems. Therefore the city dwellers are responsible for the changes needed to improve on such poor conditions. Three approaches that can be used to address such problems include engagement, inclusiveness and the ability to live happy and fulfilling lives. Engagement relates to participation in activities such as voting that has witnessed a downward trend in the major cities of the world. Inclusiveness is based on the level of inequality that exists within the cities. The ability to live happy lives has been compromised in the cities by the manner of habitation in the cities. People have become less interactive and not concerned about one another leading to lack of joy and happiness. Steps towards building cities that care about its inhabitants include active participation revolution and collective decis ion-making process on matters such as utilization of resources. Citizens need to come up with their own structures of participation without waiting upon the government to act. Individual initiatives can help transform lives of many people living within the cities of the world provided that we are willing to act. She has employed problem-solution pattern of organization in her speech. This approach is very effective in that it seek to persuade the audience which

Case Study Based Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study Based Report - Essay Example Samsung electronics was a brand that was known for producing cheap products. It used to make black and white television and calculators from the year 1969 to 1990. But then things started to change. Samsung unveiled a new strategy called â€Å"new management† which was a top to bottom strategy for the whole company. In the year 2009, Samsung reached a revenue of $117 billion with profit of $8.3 billion. Inter-brand selected Samsung as the fastest growing brand for a time span of more than five years. Samsung electronics became one of the leading producers of semiconductors. Samsung became one of the largest consumer electronic conglomerates in the world. As a brand, Samsung also got listed in the list of Fortune Magazine’s hundred largest global corporations. ... Hence, the main focus should be on as to what are the factors that led to such a massive transformation. Based on the case analysis it can be figured out that the Top to bottom strategy adopted by Lee Byung Chull had three important factors that were instrumental is providing strategic direction to the company. The three main factors happened to be the new product development process, adoption of product test marketing and positioning strategy of the products (Czinzota, Ronkainen, Moffett, Marinova & Marinov, 2009, pp. 423-429). New Product development focus Samsung hired some new fresh young designers to get a set of fresh ideas. These designers unleashed a surge of new products. The product development team focused on producing sleek, beautiful and bold products to target high end user in terms of product quality. The difference with the past was that the team was not looking to produce â€Å"me-too† products. The concentration of the company on new product development, exis ting product improvement and overall R&D was the key (Henry, 2008, p. 89). Adoption of the test marketing concept Product test marketing is an actually one of the steps of the new product development. In order to be a really â€Å"Wow† product each and every product produced by the company started going through market testing. Products that did not a get â€Å"Wow† feedback from the customers went back to the design lab. Samsung started conducting integrated tests of the products as well as the total marketing program including branding, advertising, distribution, packaging, segmentation, targeting, positioning at each and every marketing and budgeting levels. This helped the management to get valuable information regarding the â€Å"go or no go

I don't know you tell me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

I don't know you tell me - Essay Example Interestingly, this was evidence that was not actually new. Indeed it was already there. It was our science methods which were not sophisticated enough at the time of the crime. Yet, nonetheless, while our scientific intelligence has not reached heights enough to analyze existing evidence, we still put people to death. four cases, innocent men have not just been sent to death row to languish while their perfunctory appeals have run out. They have been executed. Odd term, â€Å"executed†. One would think that we could at least no hide behind terms. We are in fact, committing murder. Notwithstanding the beacon of evidence mounting, death penalty advocates continue to spew the false notion that â€Å"the system works† and that the innocence of any executed person has never been proven in fact. Justice Scalia ignores the evidence and he is wrong. He must never have heard of â€Å"The Innocence Project. His ignorance is equal opportunity. As the cases indicate, men of all colors are put to death due to shoddy police work, prosecutorial misconduct and ignorant jurors. Over the past two years some of the nation’s leading newspapers have published shocking articles chronicling the cases of men who were executed even though there existed evidence which demonstrated innocence. As an aside, exculpating evidence is known as â€Å"Brady Material†. For example, Ruben Cantu, was a 26-year-old Latino man from San Antonio, that executed in 1993 for a murder robbery committed when he was 17 years old. In 2005, twelve years after the man’s execution, the Houston Chronicle published an investigative series that uncovered another defendant, who pled guilty to participating in the crime and who, signed an affidavit swearing that not only was Ruben Cantu not the murderer, but that he was not even present at the crime scene. Ray Krone was convicted two times for a murder he did not commit. A judge sentenced him to

Rudolf Steiners ideas for the care and education of young children Essay

Rudolf Steiners ideas for the care and education of young children - Essay Example If the olds are facing this hardship trying to deal with the new things in this world how much more the young ones who will be raced up in this kind of world There is a saying that "the young's are the hope of the land". As they took step on the developmental period specific behaviors represent qualitative changes in the structure or function of these organisms that appear over a given stage following progressive sequences. And so they undergo physical developments until they become adults like us. Childhood phase is the said to be the molding ground for individuals. It serves as the foundation of a human being. The Head of the German Theosophical Society, Rudolf Steiner believed that children passes through three seven-year stages and that education should be appropriate to the spirit for each stage. Birth to age 7, which he said is a period for the spirit to adjust to being in the material world. At this stage, children best learn through imitation. Academic content is held to a minimum during these years. Children are told fairy tales, but do no reading until about the second grade. They learn about the alphabet and writing in first grade. According to Steiner, the second stage of growth is characterized by imagination and fantasy. Children learn best from ages 7 to 14 by acceptance and emulation of authority. The children have a single teacher during this period and the school becomes a "family" with the teacher as the authoritative "parent". The third stage, from 14 to 21, is when the astral body is drawn into the physical body, causing puberty. These beliefs are acceptable but let us examine carefully the curriculum he is trying to imply. As he built his Goetheanum; the school of spiritual science of Waldorf school for the children of workers at the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1919 and currently operating in North America. Steiner designed the curriculum of his schools around notions that he apparently got by special spiritual insight into the nature of Nature and the nature of children. The education here focuses on myths and other non-Christian thing. Aside from that they are encouraging Satanism which is not morally upright for a Christian Society. Children must learn how to be love and appreciate love and affections the gain from others. They should learn things about them and answer their questions related to where they came from. Why not teach some about the Creator. His views pertaining to caring to children are appropriate, he value the stages that an individual is in. He considered the stages where the child is in need. He said that children at the 0 to 7 years old are adjusting him in the material world. Yes that's true. Aside from living in a material world of course the child must have the material support too, coming from the parents who are the guardians. As from the Abraham Maslow's Hierarch of Needs that before an individual reach the point or level that he is a self - actualized person, a person must first take his step in having the Basic needs, including clothes, foods and any material supports before he

Financial Security in a Persons Retirement Term Paper

Financial Security in a Persons Retirement - Term Paper Example In order to have financial security in our retirement, we need to start saving, keep saving and also stick to our goals. We need to make saving for the retirement a priority. In order to stay focused, we need to know our retirement needs and save towards it. A good starting point is finding out our retirement benefits. Investing for retirement is vital in ensuring safe and enjoyable retirement. Due to uncertainty, the true quality of a person’s retirement actually depends on their planning and planning must begin somewhere (Berk & DeMarzo, 2014). To have a secure retirement one must understand all the necessary factors that are crucial in the realization of the set goal. In saving for retirement individuals must understand the time value of money concept because it influences any financial decision to be made. They need to start saving early enough to increase the worth of the money in the future. It is the idea that money available today is worth more than the same amount in future because of its potential earning capacity (Taillard, 2013). Because money earns interest, any amount of money is often worth more the sooner it is invested. The paper entails computation of the amount to be invested annually to earn $1,000,000 in 30 years and the amount earned at retirement. In addition, it discusses values such as time and the interest rate that can be changed to lower annual deposits while increasing benefits. Besides, it discusses asset allocation among three asset classes, stocks, bonds, and cash. It concludes by looking at the investment objective which in this case is capital appreciation. Further, it discusses investment constraints that affect my asset allocation. In solving the problem, I will use the money purchase method which takes into account annual deposits and actuarial factor that is based on annuity period (time horizon or age) (Berk & DeMarzo, 2014). This method takes into account the time value of money by using present value or ordinary annuityÃ'Ž

The Muslims lives in recent Anglophone fiction since 1973 Essay

The Muslims lives in recent Anglophone fiction since 1973 - Essay Example Therefore, novels have a great advantage over didactic models of disseminating information. Unlike textbooks that tend to teach by preaching, novels teach the reader by showing. Georg Lukacs, a philosopher and literary critic argued that novels can depict history more fully than "factual reporting" because in novels, Historical necessity is no otherworldly fate divorced fiom man; it is the complex interaction of concrete historical circumstances in their process of transformation, in their interaction with concrete human beings, who have grown up in these circumstances, have been variously influenced by them, and who act in an individual way according to their personal passions. (qtd. in Zuckert 687) Thus, a novel has the capacity to discuss its topic in the context of human experience not in an abstract and detached form. Moreover, it can transcend artificial boundaries that divide people of different backgrounds and civilizations by addressing every aspect of the humanity of the character. This interacts with the humanity of the reader on many levels, thereby magnifying the similarities and diminishing the differences between the reader and the character. A novel can allow an individual from a vastly different cultural background to deeply understand the cultural reality of the characters. ... Like Plato's divided line, which attempts to direct us towards true knowledge and the discovery of reality, novelists take us out of the cave and put us on the path to knowledge by stimulating our imagination, hoping that at the end of the novel, the reader will reach the highest level of the divided line. Roger Spegele, author of "Fiction and Political Theory" argued that there is no difference between political novels and political theory (114-127). Thus, one can say that novelists resemble political thinkers. They choose a distinctive medium to study social and political phenomena. Edward Said, a Palestinian-American literary theorist, said: The one place in which there's been some interesting and innovative work done in Arab intellectual life is in literary production generally, that never finds its way into studies of the Middle East. You're dealing with the raw material of Politics.. . You can deal with a novelist as a kind of witness to something. (Middle East Report 33) Here, Said hints that Arab intellectual life has been less than innovative except in literary production where it is relatively free from external influences. As such, it is uncontaminated raw material that can be utilized to study politics. In keeping with Said's notion that literary production provides the raw material of politics, this study will use novels written by Arabs and Moslems to examine orientalism, colonialism, the search for home and the quest for identity. More specifically, eight Arab and Moslem novels and three Occidental ones will be used to examine Edward Said's thesis on orientalism and the validity of his statement about literature and politics. They will also be used to reveal the historical impact of colonialism

Bill Gates And Steve Jobs Essay Example for Free

Bill Gates And Steve Jobs Essay Many people look at Steve Jobs and Bill Gates as two rivals. A lot of opinions can be expressed regarding these two geniuses. The two are celebrities at their own right. Their similarities and differences are emphasized probably because their contributions to the society are both important but are different relative to the other. People were divided as fan of PC and as a fan of Mac. Many people argue that one is better than the other. One type of computer-user says that one is better depending on how you use your computer. For example, gamers find it troublesome to use the Mac while other computer-users find the PC more troublesome than Mac. Although Gates is not Microsoft, as Jobs is not Apple, people commonly think of Gates when we talk of Microsoft, and of Microsoft when we talk about Gates. The same is true for Jobs and his Apple. But how do Gates and Jobs differ from each other? Both were not able to get a college diploma. Despite of that, they were able to become successful and are now household names. They created their own companies which are big companies now, and that goes to show that the two has excellent leadership and managerial skills. Perhaps, their difference lies on their personality and on how they drive their companies to suit the needs of the people. Jobs went to Reed College while Gates went to Harvard. Both Jobs and Gates were college drop-outs. After dropping out from college, Jobs got a job as a technician in a video game manufacturer, Atari. Jobs was given a break when Atari gave him the task to create a circuit board for a video game and he was able to fulfill this task with his friend Wozniak. He got a nice pay with this work. Gates first experience with computers was when he and his friends hack Computer Center Corporation (CCC) to get extra time with the computers. They were caught and were banned by the CCC but, later, CCC hired them to find bugs for their system. Although their job was only to find bugs all over the system, they use their spare time to study about the machines. Jobs did Apple while Gates created Microsoft. The Apple was the first computer to have a graphical user interface and an on-board ROM. Microsoft, as we all know, is very popular software. Both, now, are very wealthy since the day they established their companies. Jobs has CEO position of his company which is a large innovator when it comes to computers, operating systems and softwares. During the beginnings of the apple, Jobs was only a shareholder. Although he was seated as the chairman, the decision of the company was not solely his. He has once left the company to focus not on hardwares but on softwares so he built NextStep. He wanted to have a solution to some computer problems at that time. He wanted to satisfy the needs of education with computers and has once envisioned his new sets of computers to be the computers of college students. He failed on this in a way that the consumers did not want to spend for the latest technology at that time and the NeXTstep computers were really expensive. But the software really helped out programmers so he got good reviews. He, then, formed partnerships with different companies. Apple, then, was getting weaker when Jobs left it. Jobs later returned to Apple some reconsideration. Gates, meanwhile, is a major shareholder of Microsoft. He had never left Microsoft in any way. He was focused on making it big on the market and he was very successful in that. Jobs was focused on innovating. He wanted solutions to problems. He is thinking of the needs of the people when he does his creations. This is his biggest difference with Gates. Gates and Microsoft are interested on marketing. Microsoft is concern on, at least, getting at par with their competitors. If a competitor has done something brilliant, Microsoft would find its way to have a better version of that something brilliant. Gates was often criticized as being more of a businessman than a computer genius. Jobs has once said that it is hurting the computer industry that Microsoft is killing its competitors because that also kills innovation. In fairness to Gates, he gives a lot to those who are needy. He gave millions to institutions in which he believed in. They call Gates a philanthropist for all of his donations to charity. This is one thing admirable to Gates. He has not forgotten about other people. He was sensitive. He gives back what he receives. As a leader, they are both very efficient to create such big companies. They were both able to drive these two companies to success in spite of the many competitions that are coming. They were very good in analyzing the needs of the company and the market. These two individuals show that success comes from determination, right timing, and the drive to attain it. We now have MacBooks with Microsoft in it. In their TV interview, Jobs said that the competition is over between them and that it is time to think of innovations for the future. We should be thankful to these two individuals, who have changed things since their time. We may find them as competitors, but that would be fine for competitions are healthy and it has really made them strive harder to be on top. The competition between the two, if there is, has benefited us. We can expect more from these companies in the near future. Hopefully, they would come up for more things that will make everything more convenient and a solution to security problems. Work Cited: Apple Inc. 2008. Steve Jobs. Retrieved from http://www. apple. com/pr/bios/jobs. html. Brightman, Jason. 2007. After Bill Gates, Five Possible Futures for Microsoft. Retrieved from http://www. pcworld. com/businesscenter/article/147518/after_bill_gates_five_possible_futures_for_microsoft. html. Cobweb Publishing Inc. 2008. The NeXT Years: Steve Jobs Before His Triumphant Return To Apple. Retrieved from http://lowendmac. com/orchard/06/steve-jobs-next-years. html. Mirick, John. 1996. William H. Gates III Before Microsoft. Retrieved from http://ei. cs. vt. edu/~history/Gates. Mirick. html#microsoft.

Interventions and preventative management related to skeletal traction

Interventions and preventative management related to skeletal traction List nursing interventions and preventative management related to skeletal traction. As what we had discussed, traction is the application of pulling force to a part of the body. There are two types of traction, the skin traction and the skeletal traction. In skeletal traction, the traction is directly applied to the bone by the use of metal pin or wire. To maintain an effective traction, the nurse must check the traction apparatus. Make sure that the ropes are positioned properly in the pulley track, ropes are not ragged, the weights hang freely and the knots in the rope are tied securely and make sure that the skeletal traction equipment are tight. Check the pins to be sure they are secure and tight, and insert the small finger or the index finger between the vest and the patients skin to be sure the vest if comfortable and not too tight. The nurse must also maintain the position of the patient. Inspect the patients proper body alignment every 2 hours. Avoid foot drop, inward rotation and outward rotation. The foot of the patient may be supported in a neutral position. Monitor neurovascular status of the patient at least every 4 hours. The patient must report to the nurse if there are any changes in his sensation or movement. The immobilized patient is risk for DVT. So, encourage the patient to do active flexion and extension of the extremities and isometric contraction of the calf. Also, anti-embolism stockings, anti-coagulant therapy may also be used to prevent thrombus formation. Instruct the patient to exercise to maintain strength and tone of his muscle. Also, this will help in patients rehabilitation. Pin at the insertion site may be risk for infection or the development of osteomyelitis. Pin care should be performed 1 or 2 times a day. Clean the site with chlorhexidine solution or water and saline. The nurse must inspect the pin every 8 hours for infection. When pins are stable for 48- 72 hours, weekly pin site care is suggested. The nurse must prevent skin breakdown by inspecting the elbows and heels for pressure ulcers. A trapeze can be used to help the patient move about in the bed without the use of elbows and heels. The nurse must keep the bed dry and free from crumbs and wrinkle for patient who is unable to change positions. Discuss a component of cast care for the pediatric client or adult client. Identify manifestations of compartment syndrome. General cast care includes avoid getting cast wet, especially padding under cast-cause skin breakdown as plaster casts become soft. Moisture weakens plaster and damp padding next to the skin can cause irritation. Advise the patients that do not cover a leg cast with plastic or rubber boots, as this causes condensation and wetting of the cast. Also, avoid weight bearing or stress on plastic cast for 24 hours. Report to the physician if the cast cracks or breaks, instructs the patient not to fix it himself. To clean the cast, remove surface soil with slightly damp cloth, rub soiled areas with household scouring powder, and wife off residual moisture. For pediatric patient there are some additional cast cares. The child is usually more troubled by immobilization than the adult. A special attempt should be made to ensure that his activities are as normal as possible and that full use is made of his unaffected joints and muscles. The younger child may not be able to understand why the cast is necessary. He may attempt to remove it. Allow the child to work through his question and feelings via play like giving her a doll with a cast. Children may be frightened by the removal of the cast. They often think of cast as part of their body and may be helped by analogies of having fingers nails or hair cut. Age- appropriate explanations and demonstrations should be provided. Parents should be instructed in care following cast removal. Daily soaking of the area may be necessary to remove desquamated skin and secretions. Oil or lotion may provide comfort to the child. Exercise should be done as prescribed to increase strength and function. Manifestations of compartment syndrome: In acute compartment syndrome: The classic sign is pain in the injury site. Stretching the muscles increases the pain. There will be tingling or burning sensation in the skin. The muscle will feel tight. The late sign of compartment syndrome is paralysis indicating permanent tissue damage. In chronic compartment syndrome: There is pain and cramping during exercise. The pain usually subsides when the activity stops. Numbness Difficulty moving the foot Visible muscle bulging Compare the nursing needs of a total hip replacement patient with those of a total knee replacement patient. In patient who had undergone hip replacement, nursing intervention focuses on preventing dislocation of hip prosthesis. The nurse must instruct the patient to position his leg in abduction because this may prevent dislocation of the prosthesis. A wedge pillow is usually placed between the legs to remain the legs abducted. Also, the hip of the patient should never be flexed for more than 90 degrees. When the patient sits, advice him than his hips should be higher that his knees. The patients affected leg should not be elevated and the knee may be flexed. Emphasize to the patient that he should maintain his legs in abducted position, to avoid internal and external rotation, hyperextension and acute flexion. Due to invasive procedure, there will be fluid and blood being accumulated. The nurse must remember that drainage is still normal if 200-500 ml of fluid were drained for the first 24 hours and after 48 hours it usually decreases to 30 ml or less. Report to the physician if the volum e of the drainage is greater than expected. Risk for deep vein thrombosis is common after the hip replacement because of immobility. Anti-embolic stockings, anti-thrombolytic medication can be used as preventive measures. Advise the patient to report any signs of calf pain, swelling and tenderness because it may indicate DVT. One of the serious complications after hip replacement is infection; it may occur within 3 months after surgery and associated with hematomas. Use of aseptic technique for dressing changes should be observed and implemented to avoid introducing organisms. Severe infections may require surgical debridement or removal of the prosthesis. In patient who had undergone knee replacement, nursing intervention should focus on mobilizing the patient. While in hip replacement the patients legs should be abducted, in knee replacement the patient is encourage to do active flexion of the foot every hour when the patient is awake. Like in hip replacement, knee replacement is also risk for deep vein thrombosis. Active range of motion, anti- embolic stocking and anti-coagulant can be used to prevent DVT. Also, knee replacement is an invasive procedure and its fluid had accumulated in the joint. Drainage of this replacement may ranges from 200-400 ml during the first 24 hours and less than 35 ml by 48 hours. If extensive bleeding happens, an autotransfusion drainage system may be used during postoperatively. Change in the characteristics and amount of drainage is promptly reported to the physician. Encourage the patient to use a continuous passive motion device with physical therapy to improve patients knee mobility, decreased hosp ital stay and minimize the intake of analgesic agents. The nurse must assist the patient to get out of the bed on the second postoperative day and start ambulating as tolerated. Discuss methods to avoid dislocation after hip replacement surgery. Dislocation of the hip is a serious complication of surgery that causes pain and necessitates reoperation to correct the dislocation. The desirable positions such as abduction neutral rotation and flexion of less than 90 degrees must be emphasized during the patient teaching. Instruct the patient to keep the knees apart at all times by putting a pillow between the legs to keeps hip in abduction and in neutral position to prevent dislocation. The patient should never cross his/ her legs while sitting. Avoid bending forward while sitting in a chair. The patient should not flex the hip to put on clothing such as pants, stockings or socks. Use a high-seated chair and a raised toilet seat. You are caring for a patient who has had skeletal traction placed to treat a fractures femur. Discuss nursing interventions and assessment techniques related to this type of treatment. Fracture of the femur usually is treated with some form of traction to prevent deformities and soft- tissue damage. Skeletal traction is used to align the fracture in the preparation for the future reduction. Traction restricts patients mobility and independence; therefore the nurse must assess and monitor the patients anxiety level and psychological responses to traction. Since the patient requires assistance with self-care activities, the nurse must help the patient to eat, bathe, dress and toilet. Assess the patient and the traction set-up to determine the best method for changing the bed linen. Eliminate any factors that reduce the traction pull or alter its direction. Ropes and pulleys should be in straight alignment and the ropes should be unobstructed. The nurse must inspect the body part that is placed in traction and its neurovascular status to determine if there is sign of inflammation. Because the patient is confined to bed, the nurse must implement measures to prevent complications of immobility and inactivity. One of the complications in patient to skeletal traction is atelectasis and pneumonia due to immobility. To assess respiratory status, the nurse auscultates the patients lungs every 4-8 hours. Teach the patient deep exercises to fully expand the lungs and to clear out secretions. Constipation is also a complication due to decreased peristalsis, a high fiber diet and fluids may help stimulate gastric motility. Urinary infection is also a common complication because of incomplete emptying the bladder due to the uncomfortable effects of voiding into a bed pan. The nurse must encourage the patient to drink large quantities of water and to void every 3-4 hours. DVT is also a serious complications, nurse must assist the patient in foot and ankle exercise. Also, drinking a lot of fluids makes the patients hydrated and prevents homoconcentration which can contribute to stasis. A patient is being discharged with an external fixator for a fractured humerus. Discuss home care instructions for this patient. These are the instructions that the nurse must teach to the patient before discharge: Patient must inspect each pin site for signs of infection and loosening of pins. Watch for pain, soft tissue swelling and drainage and consult a physician when it occurs. Cleanse around each pin daily, using aseptic technique to prevent contamination of bacteria leading to infection. Do not touch wound with your bare hands. Clean fixator daily to keep it free of dust and contamination. Do not tamper with clamps or nuts because it can alter compression and misalign fracture. Encourage the patient to follow rehabilitation regimen because it is helpful in teaching the patient to use ambulatory aid safely, adjust to weight- bearing limits and altered gait patterns. Identify various types of traction and the principles of effective traction. The first type of traction is the running traction, it is a form of traction in which the pull is exerted in one plane; it may be either skin or skeletal traction and Bucks extension traction is an example of running skin traction. The other type of traction is balanced suspension traction, which uses additional weights to counterbalance the traction force and floats the extremity in the traction apparatus. The line of pull on the extremity remains fairly constant despite changes in the patients position. According to our discussion, to achieve an effective traction, countertraction, a force acting to the opposite direction, is applied. The patient body weight and positioning in bed supply the counterforce; Traction must be continuous to reduce and immobilize fracture; Skeletal traction is never interrupted; weight are not removed unless intermittent traction is prescribed; any factor that reduces pull must be eliminated; ropes must be unobstructed and weight must hang freely and knots or the foot plate must not touch the foot of the bed. Discuss the use of Bucks traction, its uses and the involved nursing considerations. Bucks traction is skin traction to the lower leg. It is used to immobilize fractures of the proximal femur before surgical fixation. It can be use for hip and knee contracture, preoperative and postoperative positioning and immobilization of hip fractures, muscle spasm, joint rest. Nursing management: Ensure skin integrity by avoiding pressure on heel, dorsum of foot, fibular head, or malleolus. Maintain countertraction by elevating foot of the bed or keeping head of bed flat. Encourage independence with use of trapeze. Do not put a pillow under the affected limb. Observe skin by removing traction, with someone holding the leg in alignment with manual traction, at least once every shift. A maximum of 10 lb of traction should be used. Discuss the nursing care for a patient undergoing orthopedic surgery. Preoperative nursing care: In relieving the pain of the patient, elevation of the edematous extremities promotes venous return and reduces discomfort. Also, the use of ice relieves swelling and reduces discomfort by diminishing nerve stimulation. The physician may order analgesic to control the acute pain of the musculoskeletal injury. The nurse must also maintain adequate neurovascular function by assessing color, temperature, capillary refill, sensation and motion of the extremities. For the nurse to promote health to the patient, th nurse should assist the patient in performing activities that promote health during the perioperative period. The nurse also assesses nutritional status and hydration. The goal of the nurse in the preoperative period is to focus on helping the client to experienced reduced pain; continue to be active, mobile and injury free; and practice measures to reduce the potential for postoperative wound infection. Postoperative nursing care: The nurse assesses the patients level of pain since pain is common after orthopedic surgery. the use of repositioning, relaxation, distraction and guided imagery may help in reducing the patients pain. The physician must order patient- controlled analgesia and epidural analgesia to relieve the pain. In maintaining an adequate neurovascular function, the nurse must instruct the patient to perform muscle- setting, ankle, and calf-pumping exercise hourly while awake to enhance circulation. Encourage the patient to increase intake of foods that is rich in protein and vitamins because it is essential for wound healing. Positioning the patient at least every 2 hours can minimize pressure ulcer and skin break down. The patient may use assistive device for postoperative mobility. There are potential complications that may arise after the surgery. The goal of the nurse is to the patient is to exhibit absence of complication. The patient is risk having pneumonia and atelectasis, the nurse must instruct the patient to deeply breath and cough every 2 hours to expand the lungs and mobilize secretions; encourage the use of incentive spirometry to increase respiratory effort; turning the patient at least every 2 hours to prevent pooling of secretions and auscultate lung sounds every 4 hours to note for breath sounds. The patient is also risk for infection. When changing the dressing of the patient and performing pin care, the nurse must use aseptic principle to reduce microorganisms that may go into the wound and incision; keep the wound drainage system below the level of incision to prevent backflow of the drainage; and administer prescribe antibiotics to control the infection. The patient is also risk for deep vein thrombosis. The nurse encourage the patient to us e ankle and calf- pumping exercises, anti embolism stockings. To avoid constipation, the nurse encourages the patient to increase fluid intake to 2000 ml/ day unless contraindicated to prevent fecal impaction. Sources: Brunner, Suddarths et al. (2008). Medical- Surgical Nursing 12th edition. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Mahler, Salmond et al. (2005). Orthopaedic Nursing. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: W.B Saunders Company Timby and Smith (2003). Introductory Medical- Surgical Nursing 8th edition. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Web Assignment 1. Find a research article addressing health teaching needs for the patient with a cast. Explain your findings in a one-page paper. The nurse must instruct their patient to rest and keep the affected extremity elevated on a one or two pillow as much as possible during the first 24 hours. The use of crutches may be suggested for your patients with a leg cast or a sling for patients with an arm cast for use during the first 24-48 hours. Remind your patient that the cast must be dry at all times. Advise them that water or any liquids will cause the plaster to weaken and it may lead to skin irritation. While bathing, instruct your patient to cover the cast with a plastic bag, tape the opening shut, and hang the cast outside the tub. Even when covered with plastic, you should not place the cast in water or allow water to run over the area. If the cast becomes wet, your patient can dry it with a hair dryer on the cool setting. Do not use the warm or hot setting because this can burn the skin. Your patient can also use a vacuum cleaner with a hose attachment to pull air through the cast and speed drying. To decrease swelling and pain in the first 24-48 hours, your patient should place crushed ice in a plastic bag, covered with a pillow case or towel, on the cast over the injury every 15 minutes per hour while awake. Do not apply ice directly to the skin. Dents or compression of the cast can cause pressure or irritation to the skin beneath the dressing, which may develop sores or ulcers. The nurse must teach the patient to reposition his body every two hours during the first 24 hours to allow even drying of the cast and every two hours when awake thereafter to avoid developing pressure sores on the skin. Do not place anything inside the cast, even for itchy areas. Sticking items inside the cast can injure the skin and lead to infection. Using a hair dryer on the cool setting may help soothe itching. The cast should be inspected regularly. If it develops cracks or soft spots, the physician should be notified. The patient should never attempt to remove the cast. The physician will remove the cast at the appropriate time with a special saw that cuts through the casting material but will not damage skin. Advise the patient that a serious complication can occur after cast application which is known as compartment syndrome. Instruct your patients to call the physician at once if any of the following signs or symptoms appear such as increased pain combined with the feeling that the cast is too tight, numbness and tingling in the hand or foot, burning and stinging sensations, excessive swelling in the part of the limb below the cast and inability to actively move the toes or fingers Advise your patient to seek for medical help if there are sores areas or a foul odor from the cast, cracks or breaks in the cast, or the cast feels too tight, if there is swelling that causes pain, if the patients fingers or toes are blue or cold or the cast becomes soaking wet and does not dry with a hair dryer or vacuum. Source: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/patient-information-cast-and-splint-care

Reflective Overview Of The Business Modules Commerce Essay

Reflective Overview Of The Business Modules Commerce Essay After joining the course I gained lot of knowledge from taught modules and various individual assignments which I have written earlier in this module. Rite from the portfolio submissions i gained understanding about concepts behind marketing skills and knowledge which are needed by the managers. Marketing strategy for managers (MKT-4010) modules overall outcomes was unimaginable because it included presentations, Portfolios, Case study and Lectures. In the beginning of the course we were allocated in the groups and provided with a video for group presentation. Our group presentation was about ZSL London zoo, about which, we watched a video in the group and afterwards we discussed about the video and recoded some important points. Later on we did lot of research in internet to gain knowledge about ZSL London zoo. Subsequently we came with certain theories which we can apply in our group presentation. Such as Porters 5 forces, Swot Analysis, Ansoff matrix which we learned in our Lectur es. Then we progressed with our Lectures and we learned about Situation analysis. We had given Nike case study which was non-assessed but we tried to figure out facts from case study and we made a sincere attempt about Market orientation of Nike. Then we learned about Strategic Marketing Process which is situation analysis, Designing marketing strategy, marketing program development, Implementing and managing strategy. After learning situation analysis now i am able to implement in real world industry. I have done my situation analysis of Accenture in my Marketing plan phase 1. The important strategic issues of the company have been studied here. I have learnt Competitive costing competitive advantage in industry along with targeting various demographic factors from our Accenture project. I have also learnt how companies can get into a position where it steadily increases its market share and brand value to compete in the current market. I have learnt a lot about different strategies that different types of companies has to adopt, for instance, Ikea, Slendertone and many more while preparing portfolios. I have also understood the devastating outcomes if the company does not have an expanded presence around the world which could be detrimental for them. This needs to be increased for a better strategic management. This assignment has resulted in my understanding towards the key roles of each and every aspect of strategic plan and implementation from the case studies of various companies from different Industries. I implemented all types of research techniques in my projects that I learnt from my course, and used core text books to collect secondary data. Identifying reliable sources for data collection is vital for any research or project in order to get updated data. These sources can be found from sources on the web, journals, articles and books. Updated collected online or journals are considered as secondary data which is also vital apart from primary data collected from various books. Secondary data can also be collected from companys financial statements and online publications on their official websites. But it is always essential that data collected should be relevant, accurate and interpretable. These data should help one to gain a better knowledge and understanding towards the company and its strategies. I have based all my conclusions of my analysis in projects of strategies on a single case studies but it is un-ethical to use it as a base for all brands. These research on marketing strategies can be used even on a large scale taking different geographical areas of a country where there are many individual companies are operating. This is shown in the assignments on IKEA, Slendertone, Nanophase. These strategy researches might change with context to different countries as a result of change in their internal and external environments as stated in the case studies of IKEA, Slendertone and Nanophase. I learnt about strategic brand management in our guest lecture which will be of great help in my future because branding is an important component of Marketing Mix. Positioning is one of the aspects of the theory that has been applied in all my case studies. It is very important to know how positioning works in strategies. Positioning in Strategic Management these days are referred to as the process through which marketers attempt to create an Brand Image or Identity in the minds of their target market for its products, its organisation and brand. I have understood that it is only a relative competitive comparison their products would occupy in an indented market which is referred as target market. After learning Porters 5 forces, PESTAL, SWOT analysis, Ansoffs matrix and many other theories which are very helpful in designing the corporate strategy in an organisation. Success alone should not be the goal of any company but also being ethical and practicing healthy practices to achieve market success is also important as it is vital for good image about the organisation in the minds of customers and also with its peers. Now I believe completely capable of taking right decisions at right time. Learning outcomes from the module: 1). Developed a deep understanding about issues, roles and activities of strategic marketing within any organisation through exploring theoretical and practical skills and also knowledge to come up with an outstanding strategy for marketing success. 2). It helped me to understand the core concepts, principles and techniques inside the boundaries of strategic marketing. 3). It has helped me develop inter-personnel skills, organizational skills, soft skills, communication skills, confidence as a result of proper knowledge I have managed to acquire from this module. 4). This module has not only given me knowledge, but also has added weight to my qualification in the current competitive market. After learning theories and models now I am able to implement these in my Situation analysis of Accenture. I feel that I am very successful in learning Marketing strategy for Managers from my core module. The Knowledge I have gained from this module would definitely come in handy when I actually enter the market. In over all, I have learnt each and every aspect of marketing and marketing strategies from this module and used it in my reports. This module helped me to get a deep understanding about real situation in market and learnt that even a single right strategy can make tremendous change everything into useful opportunities. Hence, I strongly believe that outcomes of this module have given me an edge to be successful in strategic marketing management in an organisation.

The Affect Slavery Has On Family Life Essay -- Sociology

Slavery: The Affect It Has On Family Life & The Effects Of It The lives of Harriet Jacobs in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Frederick Douglass’ Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave includes diverse experiences that allow them to share common factors to relate to each others stories. Jacobs and Douglass were born during the slavery period in the â€Å"less harsh† regions of North Carolina and Maryland. Looking at and comparing their childhood, Jacobs and Douglass both enjoy the happier moments until they both experienced the loss of their mother at an early age. Respectively, Jacobs and Douglass conclude that slavery deteriorates the relationship between families - instead of building them up. In Narrative, Douglass describes the emotions being felt after being separated from his mother. Douglass says, â€Å"Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of [my mother’s] death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger† (1890). By being separated from his mother, Douglass was not given an opportunity to develop feelings or a relationship with his mother. Douglass relays to his audience the abnormality of slavery. He explains how slave master’s complicate the natural way of life in order to make someone a slave. Douglass says, â€Å"For what this separation is done, I do not know, unless it be to hinder the development of the child’s affection toward its mother, and to blunt and destroy the natural affection of the mother for the child. This is the evitable result† (1890). Douglass makes it apparent to his audienc e how slavery destroys the importance of maintaining a relationship... ...o? Yet, Jacobs doesn’t allow Brent to feel the captivity entirely. Brent says, â€Å"We [I and my children] are as free from the power of slavery holders†¦and though that is not saying a great deal, it is a vast improvement in my condition† (2054). Jacobs makes the reader realize that Brent still has a battle to fight after freedom. Brent is not married, therefore she will have to be the protector of her children who have been in captivity for years. In conclusion, the lives of Jacobs and Douglass aren’t necessarily identical but they both shared similarities from being slaves. From comparing and analyzing the narrative stories, it is simple to realize that the effects of slavery can be more traumatic on families and the long term effects it can cause. Works Cited Douglas, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas and Other Writings. Borders, 2009.

Essay --

It is clear from the facts it is a case of non-fatal offences against the person. They include assault, battery, assault occasioning actual bodily harm which is sometimes abbreviated as ABH, maliciously wounds or inflicts grievous bodily harm and the last one wounding or causing grievous bodily harm. We will start examining the most serious offences which are committed by Cyril then moving to the least serious offences which are committed by Moby. It is noted that for there to have liability both the elements of actus Reus and mens rea should be present while committing the offences. From the facts of the case, we noted that Cyril threatened to hit Moby and even waved his fist in the air at him. From this point of view Cyril can be liable for assault. Assault is defined as a situation where one person creates fear of harm to another person . For assault to take place there is no need to apply force or make any physical contact with the person. The actus Reus here for assault is that there must be an act and that particular act caused the victim to apprehend the infliction of immediate unlawful force applying the principle set in the case of Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1968) . Words spoken are sufficient to be qualified as an assault. This principle is set out in the case of R v Ireland; Burstow . In our case the spoken words of Cyril and the act of raising his fit in the direction of Moby have undoubtedly created fear. It must be noted that it is sufficient that Moby thought that the physical violence was immediate, here applying the case of Smith v Chief Superintendent of Working Police Station . As mentioned above both the elements actus reus and mens rea should be present for an offence, we now come the mens... .... Another offence under which Moby might be convicted is s47 for he stuck Cyril on head causing him to pass out for a few minutes. Applying the case of T v DPP a momentary loss of consciousness is sufficient for s47. This is defined as occasioning actual bodily harm also referred as ABH. There are three elements for actus reus. There must be as assault or battery. We have already established that Moby might be convicted for battery. Another element is occasioning. Under this element we have to prove that the battery caused the actual bodily harm. Establishing the but-for test , Cyril would not have lost his spectacles and blow out if Moby did not stick him. The bruises caused by the yin can be charged under s47 . The mens rea required here is that of battery . As we have already establish the mens rea it is most probably that Moby might be convicted under s47

Managerial Account

Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements is true? A. The word â€Å"cost† has the same meaning in all situations in which it is used. B. Cost data, once classified and recorded for a specific application, are appropriate for use in any application. C. Different cost concepts and classifications are used for different purposes. D. All organizations incur the same types of costs. E. Costs incurred in one year are always meaningful in the following year. 2. Which of the following is a product cost? A. Glass in an automobile. B. Advertising. C. The salary of the vice president-finance. D. Rent on a factory. E.Both â€Å"A† and â€Å"D. † 3. The accounting records of Georgia Company revealed the following costs: direct materials used, $250,000; direct labor, $425,000; manufacturing overhead, $375,000; and selling and administrative expenses, $220,000. Georgia's product costs total: A. $1,050,000. B. $830,000. C. $895,000. D. $1,270,000. E. some o ther amount. 4. Costs that are expensed when incurred are called: A. product costs. B. direct costs. C. inventoriable costs. D. period costs. E. indirect costs. 5. Which of the following is not a period cost? A. Legal costs. B. Public relations costs. C. Sales commissions. D. Wages of assembly-line workers. E.The salary of a company's chief financial officer (CFO). 6. The accounting records of Reynolds Corporation revealed the following selected costs: Sales commissions, $65,000; plant supervision, $190,000; and administrative expenses, $185,000. Reynolds's period costs total: A. $250,000. B. $440,000. C. $375,000. D. $255,000. E. $185,000. 7. Yang Corporation recently computed total product costs of $567,000 and total period costs of $420,000, excluding $35,000 of sales commissions that were overlooked by the company's administrative assistant. On the basis of this information, Yang's income statement should reveal operating expenses of: A. 35,000. B. $420,000. C. $455,000. D. $567 ,000. E. $602,000. 8. Which of the following entities would most likely have raw materials, work in process, and finished goods? A. Exxon Corporation. B. Macy's Department Store. C. Wendy's. D. Southwest Airlines. E. Columbia University. 9. Selling and administrative expenses would likely appear on the balance sheet of: A. The Gap. B. Texas Instruments. C. Turner Broadcasting System. D. All of these firms. E. None of these firms. 10. Mideast Motors manufactures automobiles. Which of the following would not be classified as direct materials by the company?A. Wheel lubricant. B. Tires. C. Interior leather. D. CD player. E. Sheet metal used in the automobile's body. 11. Which of the following employees of a commercial printer/publisher would be classified as direct labor? A. Book binder. B. Plant security guard. C. Sales representative. D. Plant supervisor. E. Payroll supervisor. 12. Lake Appliance produces washers and dryers in an assembly-line process. Labor costs incurred during a r ecent period were: corporate executives, $500,000; assembly-line workers, $180,000; security guards, $45,000; and plant supervisor, $110,000.The total of Lake's direct labor cost was: A. $110,000. B. $180,000. C. $155,000. D. $235,000. E. $735,000. 13. Depreciation of factory equipment would be classified as: A. operating cost. B. â€Å"other† cost. C. manufacturing overhead. D. period cost. E. administrative cost. 14. Which of the following costs is not a component of manufacturing overhead? A. Indirect materials. B. Factory utilities. C. Factory equipment. D. Indirect labor. E. Property taxes on the manufacturing plant. 15. The accounting records of Diego Company revealed the following costs, among others:Costs that would be considered in the calculation of manufacturing overhead total: A. $149,000. B. $171,000. C. $186,000. D. $442,000. E. some other amount. 16. Which of the following statements is true? A. Product costs affect only the balance sheet. B. Product costs affe ct only the income statement. C. Period costs affect only the balance sheet. D. Neither product costs nor period costs affect the Statement of Retained Earnings. This can also be a true statement if the period costs were prepaid (i. e. , prepaid advertising, depreciation). E. Product costs eventually affect both the balance sheet and the income statement. 17.In a manufacturing company, the cost of goods completed during the period would include which of the following elements? A. Raw materials used. B. Beginning finished goods inventory. C. Marketing costs. D. Depreciation of delivery trucks. E. All of the above. 18. Which of the following equations is used to calculate cost of goods sold during the period? A. Beginning finished goods + cost of goods manufactured + ending finished goods. B. Beginning finished goods – ending finished goods. C. Beginning finished goods + cost of goods manufactured. D. Beginning finished goods + cost of goods manufactured – ending finishe d goods.E. Beginning finished goods + ending finished goods – cost of goods manufactured. 19. Holden Industries began July with a finished-goods inventory of $48,000. The finished-goods inventory at the end of July was $56,000 and the cost of goods sold during the month was $125,000. The cost of goods manufactured during July was: A. $104,000. B. $125,000. C. $117,000. D. $133,000. E. some other amount. 20. Carolina Plating Company reported a cost of goods manufactured of $520,000, with the firm's year-end balance sheet revealing work in process and finished goods of $70,000 and $134,000, respectively.If supplemental information disclosed raw materials used in production of $80,000, direct labor of $140,000, and manufacturing overhead of $240,000, the company's beginning work in process must have been: A. $130,000. B. $10,000. C. $66,000. D. $390,000. E. some other amount. 21. The accounting records of Bronco Company revealed the following information: Bronco's cost of goods manufactured is: A. $519,000. B. $522,000. C. $568,000. D. $571,000. E. some other amount. 22. The accounting records of Brownwood Company revealed the following information: Brownwood's cost of goods sold is: A. $721,000. B. $730,000.C. $778,000. D. $787,000. E. some other amount. 23. For the year just ended, Cole Corporation's manufacturing costs (raw materials used, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead) totaled $1,500,000. Beginning and ending work-in-process inventories were $60,000 and $90,000, respectively. Cole's balance sheet also revealed respective beginning and ending finished-goods inventories of $250,000 and $180,000. On the basis of this information, how much would the company report as cost of goods manufactured (CGM) and cost of goods sold (CGS)? A. CGM, $1,430,000; CGS, $1,460,000. B. CGM, $1,470,000; CGS, $1,540,000. C.CGM, $1,530,000; CGS, $1,460,000. D. CGM, $1,570,000; CGS, $1,540,000. E. Some other amounts. 24. Glass Industries reported the following data f or the year just ended: sales revenue, $1,750,000; cost of goods sold, $980,000; cost of goods manufactured, $560,000; and selling and administrative expenses, $170,000. Glass' gross margin would be: A. $940,000. B. $1,190,000. C. $1,020,000. D. $380,000. E. $770,000. 25. Variable costs are costs that: A. vary inversely with changes in activity. B. vary directly with changes in activity. C. remain constant as activity changes. D. decrease on a per-unit basis as activity increases.E. increase on a per-unit basis as activity increases. 26. Which of the following is not an example of a variable cost? A. Straight-line depreciation on a machine that has a five-year service life. B. Wages of manufacturing workers whose pay is based on hours worked. C. Tires used in the production of tractors. D. Aluminum used to make patio furniture. E. Commissions paid to sales personnel. 27. The fixed costs per unit are $10 when a company produces 10,000 units of product. What are the fixed costs per un it when 8,000 units are produced? A. $12. 50. B. $10. 00. C. $8. 00. D. $6. 50. E. $5. 50. 28.Total costs are $180,000 when 10,000 units are produced; of this amount, variable costs are $64,000. What are the total costs when 13,000 units are produced? A. $199,200. B. $214,800. C. $234,000. D. Some other amount. E. Total costs cannot be calculated based on the information presented. 29. Baxter Company, which pays a 10% commission to its salespeople, reported sales revenues of $210,000 for the period just ended. If fixed and variable sales expenses totaled $56,000, what would these expenses total at sales of $168,000? A. $16,800. B. $35,000. C. $44,800. D. $51,800. E. Some other amount. 30.The salary that is sacrificed by a college student who pursues a degree full time is a(n): A. sunk cost. B. out-of-pocket cost. C. opportunity cost. D. differential cost. E. marginal cost. Essay Questions 1. Consider the three firms that follow: (1) Southwest Airlines, (2) BMW, and (3) Target. These firms, examples of service providers, manufacturers, and merchandisers, tend to have different characteristics with respect to costs and financial-statement disclosures. Required: Determine which of the preceding firms (1, 2, and/or 3) would likely: A. Disclose operating expenses on the income statement.B. Have product costs. C. Have period costs. D. Disclose cost of cost good sold on the income statement. E. Have no meaningful investment in inventory. F. Maintain raw-material, work-in-process, and finished-goods inventories. G. Have variable and fixed costs. 2. Consider the following cost items: 1. Sales commissions earned by a company's sales force. 2. Raw materials purchased during the period. 3. Current year's depreciation on a firm's manufacturing facilities. 4. Year-end completed production of a carpet manufacturer. 5. The cost of products sold to customers of an apparel store. . Wages earned by machine operators in a manufacturing plant. 7. Income taxes incurred by an airlin e. 8. Marketing costs of an electronics manufacturer. 9. Indirect labor costs incurred by a manufacturer of office equipment. Required: A. Evaluate the costs just cited and determine whether the associated dollar amounts would appear on the firm's balance sheet, income statement, or schedule of cost of goods manufactured. B. What major asset will normally be insignificant for service enterprises and relatively substantial for retailers, wholesalers, and manufacturers? Briefly discuss. C.Briefly explain the similarity and difference between the merchandise inventory of a retailer and the finished-goods inventory of a manufacturer. 3. Consider the following items: A. Tomatoes used in the manufacture of Hunts ketchup B. Administrative salaries of executives employed by Jet Blue Airlines C. Wages of assembly-line workers at a Ford plant D. Marketing expenditures of the Atlanta Braves baseball club E. Commissions paid to Coca-Cola's salespeople F. Straight-line depreciation on manufactur ing equipment owned by Dell Computer G. Shipping charges incurred by Office Depot on out-going orders H.Speakers used in Sony home-theater systems I. Insurance costs related to a Mary Kay Cosmetics' manufacturing plant Required: Complete the table that follows and classify each of the costs listed as (1) a product or period cost and (2) a variable or fixed cost by placing an â€Å"X† in the appropriate column. 4. In discussing the operation of her automobile, a doctor once observed that gasoline is a fixed cost because the cost per gallon is relatively stable. Insurance, on the other hand, is a variable cost because the cost per mile varies inversely with the number of miles driven. Comment on the doctor's observation.

Compare and contrast the benefits of online and conventional classes Essay

It seems that technology is growing, improving and changing at an exponential rate. Technology now affects every part of our lives. One of the major areas that has been affected by technology is education. The advancement of technology has recently allowed for education to be completed in an online setting instead of in a conventional classroom setting. Both are great ways to receive an education. They both strive for the same purpose, which is to help students reach their goal during college or universities. Although online and conventional class are great, they do differ in some ways. Whether you choose to attend classes online or in a traditional physical setting, you will be assigned homework to complete. Both types of students typically have Internet access, so websites ad research materials are equally available for them to get information. Text books are still central to learning relevant information, so they are same both learners to make sure that there is no discrepancy in content. Online class also require to take course exam same as conventional class. Both types of learning rely on teacher, but they are different in the way students and teachers interacting with each other. Online students communicate with lecturers through e-mail while conventional classes offer more direct interaction with faculty. Students who thrive on the quick exchange of ideas between professor and students may find that they prefer the classroom environment than online class. On the other hand, students who experience anxiety when they are called on to speak during class or are an introverts can enjoy the time to reflect on their responses and questions offered by an online class. Online education and traditional education are different on their cost. Online schools are less expensive, partly because students do not have to pay for the facilities at school and added cost of daily expenses. They can study anywhere as long as they have computer or internet access. Read Also:  Topic for Compare and Contrast Essay However, the students who attend the school which implementing traditional education will spend much more money. So, if students want to enjoy the facilities at school such as gym, libraries, dining halls and residence halls to be part of their college experience, they may want to consider attending the brick-and-mortar school. Online courses typically allow students to work asynchronously, which means that they can complete their coursework at the time and place of their choosing. This is often ideal for working students or single parents who  need a flexible schedule. On the other hand, traditional classes might also be better for those who are not good with time management and self-discipline. It is more difficult to ignore a growing pile of reading assignments when class meets regularly to talk about them. Deadlines may be easier to remember and motivation may come naturally with daily in-class reminders, peer pressure and set a schedule. To sum up, there are several similarities and differences between online class and conventional class. The similarities are both of these schools have homework’s, let students to learn and get information, while the differences are they way students and teachers interacting with each other, cost and the time of studying. Regardless of the similarities and differences that bring many benefits for people, but the key is to pick the type of program that works the best for you, your lifestyle and your schedule.

Freedom of Speech Indian

Freedom Of Indian Press Freedom of Press In India DESPITE BEING the largest Democracy in the World, the Indian Press has never been accorded a free status. A survey of civil and political liberties carried out by Freedom House listed the Indian press as being â€Å"partly free†. What is of concern here is that it figured even below countries like Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Comoros, Ecuador and El Salvador. Ever since, the time of Hickey, the administration has recognized the potential of the Indian Press to be severely anti-establishment. To check the growth of the Indian press without seeming overtly restrictive, the British Government enacted several legislation that were successful in restricting the Indian Press. This restriction has carried on to the present times. A major reason to doubt India's freedom of the press stems from the times of the Emergency when constitutional safeguards meant to protect freedom of speech and expression were set aside. Even today the Official Secrets Act allows the Government to ban publication of articles dealing with sensitive security issues. However, journalists feel that in practice this is occasionally used to limit criticism of government actions, particularly in Punjab and Kashmir. The Government controls even the issual of subsidized newsprint to newspapers. The mass media in India works in the absence of an absorptive infrastructure and hence widespread illiteracy and a limited audience weaken the media's efficiency. It has been alleged that the most important limitation to the media's efficiency in India is its inclination towards being a â€Å"uni-directional transmitory mechanism†, i. e. , a center to periphery type of direction that is unable to represent particularistic interests. The situation is however not so dismal. By looking at the role played by the press especially the electronic media, in the recent years, in reporting extreme situations like that of the Gujarat earthquake or other such situations, one notices the crucial role the press plays in bringing to the forefront the concerns of the affected populations. Despite the fact that press freedom in India is not totally without hindrances in some form or the other, an active judiciary works consistently to safeguard the provisions of the Constitution and this was seen during the Emergency of 1975-77. The judiciary is independent of the government in ordinary cases, although the system suffers from overload and is often inaccessible to the poor. India has a large and conscious private press and although it has not always been successful in providing â€Å"early warnings† to the authorities, it has definitely succeeded in extracting political accountability from the government, an achievement that rightly needs to be acknowledged.

Understand the expected pattern

Explain the sequence and the rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 years The sequence of child development means the expected development of a child from birth to 19 years. Child development refers to the biological and psychological and emotional changes that occur within this time. As the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy.Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetics and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development. Related terms include developmental psychology, referring to development throughout the lifespan, and paediatrics, the branch of medicine relating to the care of children. Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically-controlled processes known as maturation, or as a result of environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the two.It may also occur as a result of h uman ature and our ability to learn from our environment. Human beings have a keen sense to adapt to their surroundings and this is what child development encompasses. Each child usually develops at the same rate as another child. Age Intellectual Social / Emotional Language Gross motor Fine Motor Infant – Birth to one year Learns about things with hands and mouth Attaches to mother and father, begins to recognise faces and smile; at about 6 months begins to recognise parents and expresses fear of strangers.Plays simple interactive games like peek-a-boo Vocalises, squeals and imitates sounds, says ‘dada' and ‘mama'Lifts ead first then chest, rolls over, pulls to sit, crawls and stands alone Reaches for objects and picks up small items; grasps rattle Toddler 1-2 years Learns words for objects and people Learns that self and parent(s) are different or separate from each other, imitates and performs tasks, indicates needs or wants without crying Says some words other than ‘dada' and ‘mama', follows simple instructionsWalks well, kicks, stops and Jumps in place, throws balls Unbuttons clothes, builds tower of 4 cubes, scribbles, uses spoon, picks up very small object Presch0012-5 years

Promoting Meaningful Learning in All Student Populations Research Paper

Promoting Meaningful Learning in All Student Populations - Research Paper Example Meaningful learning refers to the gained knowledge that is fully understood by the individuals and they know how that fact is related to other situations that are happening around them. On the other hand, in rote learning the students are required to memorize the concept without developing full understanding and hence, they are unable to relate the new information with the previous one. As the brains stores data in distinct form therefore, in rote learning students are unable to relate different ideas with each other and in such a case, knowledge can only be retrieved by them from the brain when it is recalled individually. On the other hand, in meaningful learning, the facts are stored in a relational manner. In this way, the knowledge is stored together and is related to each other. In this manner, when one fact is recalled the brain recalls the other facts automatically. Understanding of the Article In the article, Promoting Students’ Learning in Genetics with the Learning Cycle, Dogru-Atay, Pinar Tekkaya and Ceren (2008) discusses that though it is important for the institutes to adopt promotional learning for the students, there are however few of the abstract concepts like genetics that cannot be learned by the students only by meaningful understanding. For such difficult concepts, the study has designed a research on Learning Cycle. According to this pattern, the concept is passed to the students in three steps: exploration, concept introduction and concept application. In the exploration, the students are provided with the concrete experience that is inter-related to the content that is to be learned by them. This phase allows the students to gather all the information that they already know about the topic. Once the students have explored the idea, the teachers are then supposed to link the idea to the students’ knowledge with relevant scientific concept. After this step, the students are engaged in the additional activities in which the students apply their new knowledge to the situation. In this paper, the researcher talks about different methods that can be used for delivering the lecture. The different researches that are discussed in the paper show that through learning cycle, the students learn more than any other setting. The papers validate that the students who learn through meaningful learning are able to connect the various concepts with each other. The other advantage of meaningful learning is that students develop ability of reasoning. They do not only depend on the material given to them, they tend to develop personal understanding of the topic. The researcher has discussed that as through learning cycle the students are able develop reasoning ability, this approach also helps the students to solve the genetics problems. The other concept that is discussed in this article is the dependency of learning on the gender. Few of the discussed researches are of the view that there is no significant difference in biological achievements in boys and girls. On the other hand, other researchers have either favoured boys in their better understanding of the biological concepts or they have favoured girls. In this paper, to understand the genetic achievement of the students the researcher has used Genetics Achievement Test (GAT), Learning

English 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

English 101 - Essay Example This provided her both with few playmates and multiple teachers, so that she learned to read, write and compute mathematics early and without apparent effort. However, she credits the youngest of her older brothers for the life-giving lessons of how to sit a wild horse on a wild ride in the middle of a battlefield. â€Å"Sometimes, in later yeas, when I found myself suddenly on a strange horse in a trooper’s saddle, flying for life or liberty in front of pursuit, I blessed the baby lessons of the wild gallops among the beautiful colts† (Barton, 1907: 20). After a relatively common childhood for her time period, marked by particular attention to her education thanks to the influence of brothers and sisters, Clara’s first brush with the field of nursing came as she was helping her brother, David Barton, recover from a fall that had him incapacitated for approximately 2 years (Barton, 1907: 79-88). From this experience, the young girl began moving ever closer to the nursing profession. Following the Battle of Bull Run near the beginning of the Civil War, Barton began her work as a nurse, organizing the collection and distribution of necessary medical supplies and gaining permission to ride behind the lines and in the mobile ambulance wagons to provide medical assistance to wounded soldiers on the field. Her tireless efforts earned her the nickname of ‘Angel of the Battlefield’ and she was eventually appointed the superintendent of nurses in 1861. By 1869, though, she was taking her skills to Europe to help in the Franco-Prussian War. It was in Switzerland that she first learned of the European organization already in existence there called the Red Cross. Although an attempt had already been made to establish a branch in the United States well before Barton went to Europe, this was her first time to hear of it and she spent the rest of her time in Europe learning more about it. When

American Fiction in the beginning of XX century Essay

American Fiction in the beginning of XX century - Essay Example Moreover, contrasting of the North and the South in America are common points for these authors. This can be explained by the changes in the American society that occurred during this period. After the World War I people were tired of cruelties and violence and have already lost their self-identities. Culture and identity are so closely connected that the restoration of the whole cultures was greatly dependent on the restoration of separate individual’s identity. There was a need for people to restore their ideals for worshipping. An inner world of an individual was devastated. This can be shown on the example of Sally Carrol from Fitzgerald work, when she imagined â€Å"the Ice Palace†. This place was a spiritual asylum for the main heroine, where she wanted to escape from the scares of the Great War in Europe. Nevertheless, the main heroine fails when she tries to forget about her past in the South and dreams about her future in the future in the North. In the work by Faulkner â€Å"That Evening Sun† Southerners are also reflected in a negative light. Controversies between white and black people are another logical outcome of constant opposition between the North and the South of America. In the work by Steinbeck historical context is less evident.

Discrimination, or Not Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discrimination, or Not - Assignment Example Soon after, she filed charge against Hosanna-Tabor with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) appealing against the discrimination of employment along with violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (Supreme Court of the United States, 2011). In this regard, it is justifiable for Perich to file legal case as she was being called and selected as a ‘commissioned minister’ in Hosanna-Tabor. Moreover, rescinding Perich’s call and sending termination letter on the ground of â€Å"threating to take legal action† due to the discrimination can also be considered as a major factor, which can lead Perich to take adequate lawful steps against Hosanna-Tabor (Cornell University Law School, 2012). With reference to the scenario of the case, the suit made by Perich was barred with respect to the legal policies of the First Amendment as it defines that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances† (Cornell University Law School, n.d.). In this context, the district court has barred the allegation of Perich against Hosanna-Tabor. Moreover, the Establishments and Free Exercise Clauses underneath the First Amendments also confer the ability of the church to choose its own ministers from the perspective of disputes associated with the church’s possessions. Correspondingly, Hosanna-Tabor can also bring in relevant legal claims against EEOC in the ground of the provisions considered by the constitutional law (Pew Research Center, 2014). With reference to the case scenario, it has been recognized that the rescinding of call along with terminating Perich on the ground of ‘threatening to take legal action’ duly ascertain an unjustifiable decision of Hosanna-Tabor. The decision of the school in this

Learning organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning organisation - Essay Example Learning organization can be defined as, â€Å"A Learning Company is an organization that facilitates the learning of all its members and continuously transforms itself†Development of an organization into a learning organization is not an organic process Instead, such a development is facilitated by certain factors. With the growth of organization and structuring of the company, individuals tend to assume more strength and power and their rigidity subdues the organization’s capacity to learn as it grows. In such circumstances, solutions applied to counter problems are often ineffective. Organizations tend to downsize in an attempt to enlarge profits and remain competitive. With fewer staff members, load on individuals grows manifolds. In order to gain competitive advantage and to promote a culture that is customer responsive, it is imperative that companies learn faster than their parallels in the market. This requires maintenance of knowledge regarding new processes an d products and an understanding of the outside environment. That is why learning organization has been defined as, â€Å"a company that can respond to new information by altering the very â€Å"programming† by which information is processed and evaluated† (Malhotra, 1996). In order to accomplish this, employees assume a greater responsibility of both managing their own works and cooperating with one another to play part in the organization’s strategic processes meant for competitive advantage. This paper aims at discussing some of the key features of a learning organization.... According to the systems thinking, in order for an organization to gain the qualities a learning organization, all traits should be simultaneously apparent in it. In case an organization lacks any of the five characteristics, it will not be able to achieve its goal. However, some people are of the view that these traits can be acquired or developed one by one with time. For example, O’ Keeffe (2002) is of the view that these features can not all be acquired at once, and are instead, developed gradually to convert an organization into a learning organization. Shared vision: One of the key factors that provide an organization with an opportunity to gain competitive advantage is shared vision. Shared vision among the organizational personnel builds their common identity. This in turn, provides the workers with tremendous energy and inculcates motivation in them to gain learning. In this way, shared vision plays a cardinal role in promoting learning among the members of the staff. Individuals’ vision plays a big role in the development and promotion of shared vision. Thus, if the vision in a company is enforced by particular people who assume greater power over others, this may hinder the development of a shared organizational vision. This is the fundamental reason why most of the learning organizations prefer to adopt decentralized and flat organization structures. Personal mastery: Personal mastery is the name of an individual’s commitment to the organizational learning process (Senge, 1990). An organization whose personnel are quick learners acquires an edge over the competitors whose employees are not. There are various organization specific events and happenings that

Defining Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Defining Culture - Essay Example Social cultures are the arrangements that exist between people who share a cultural practice or people from a common organization (Cole 56). They are used to place people into groups thus making it easier to identify their social belonging. Social cultures are defined by the activities that are carried out in a social setup. An example of a social structure is the western culture which was initially popular because it led to the oppression of women. Women in this social setup were dominated by the male gender. They were denied the chance to practice their social rights as well as cultural values. This made the female gender to grow up with low self-esteem as most of the women in this social background were left to work as secretaries and waitresses (Cole 56). However, the advancement of technology has changed this cultural practice and given women equal chances to engage in a variety of social and economic activities thus creating competition in the society. This portrays that cultur e is indeed a perpetuating phenomenon since it can be altered by the change of environment, in this case, the advancement of technology and the change in generations. The Shirazi organization is a business organization that is rich in cultural values, norms, and beliefs. It is an organization that brings together people from various denominations to a common agreement and thus instills certain beliefs in them that help them build up a social capital. The aim of the organization is to provide its members with common belief and mentality that helps them build up a prosperous society and business structure. The organization is a non-material type of an organization whose ambition is to create a social group with traditional norms, values as well as symbols and develop the members into becoming ambassadors of social and economic development.  Ã‚