Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism Essay Example Essay Example

Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism Essay Example Paper Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism Essay Introduction The purpose of this study is to explicate how to develop sustainability in the Peak District National Park, Castleton ( PDP ) . The study will see chiefly and concentrate on the societal portion in peak territory national park, Castleton, and alterations that can be made. First of wholly, the study will state the reader some brief history of Peak District national park, Castleton ( PDP ) and so specify the term sustainable touristry and touristry development. Then secondly, the writer will present the demand that can be done to develop sustainable touristry in Castleton and how to advance sustainable touristry in the Peak District National Park in Castleton, the literature will so urge development that can be done in Castleton and decision will be drawn. â€Å" Castleton is an outstandingly pretty small town situated at the caput of the lovely Vale of Hope, in the bosom of the Derbyshire Peak District National Park. Castleton is surrounded on 3 sides by steep hills and the mighty ma jority of Mam Tor looms high, 2 stat mis to the north West of the small town. On a hill, overlooking Castleton is the ancient Peveril Castle † Sustainable touristry can be defined as â€Å" ‘Sustainable touristry ‘ is merely sustainable development achieved through touristry. Sustainable development is economic development that takes a long-run position. It balances the benefits of economic development against environmental and societal costs † ( greentourism.org.uk, 2010 ) . Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism Essay Body Paragraphs Sustainable touristry nastily focuses on the environment, societal and environment values. However, to accomplish sustainable development in the peak territory national park Castleton, ( PDP ) the community has to affect in the partnership. Harmonizing to Sinclair ( 2003:404 ) define as â€Å" sustainable development is expected to run into the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevals to run into their ain demands † . Sustainability is chiefly focused so that development is positive for the local people, the visitants and touristry companies. To advance touristry in Peak District National Park, Castleton they have to hold more events, activities and exhibitions by making that it will pull more visitants as it used to make. For illustration the Garland festival and the Oak apple twenty-four hours which runs every twelvemonth attracts visitants to Castleton. Castleton has to construct more cafe bars for the local people and visitants themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism Sustainability In The Peak District National Park Tourism These festivals attract more visitants to Castleton and it helps better the economic system impact and besides makes the attractive force really popular. In 2001, the population in Castleton was around 1,200 ( visit Castleton.com, 2010 ) . Because visitants visit different or several Parkss so Castleton needs to convey more activities so that the finish can be sustainable. However, the communities do non hold to destruct the wild life in the country with hike and walking in the country. In the other manus, the community has proctor and step the sustainable touristry in the country. Harmonizing to the Miller and Ward ( 2005:177 ) stated that â€Å" since 1993, the WTO has organized sustainable touristry monitoring pilot undertakings in different parts of the universe where WTO advisers have worked together with national and local touristry direction to develop indexs for peculiar sites † . Attraction in Castleton Castleton has local attractive force, for illustration the Peveril, Castleton palace and more. The Castleton palace do non pull more visitants because it needs more betterment and development for it to pull more tourer and visitants. Peak territory national park, Castleton ( pdp ) . Castleton is a topographic point where it suite all sort of demands and people, for illustration, Education Old people John walkers Peoples who wish to remain nightlong Hikers Peveril Castle from across Cave Dale, with Mam Tor Beginning from: visit Castleton The above image nevertheless shows the local attractive force in the Peak District National Park, Castleton ( pdp ) . The palace in Castleton needs more betterment. In other manus, it will pull more visitants from the nearer villages or towns like for illustration, Edale, Buxton, bakewell and many more. By making so, it will pull occupations for the local communities. Conveyance in Castleton Castleton lies at the western terminal of the Hope Valley in the Peak District National Park, mid-way between Manchester and Sheffield. Transport in Castleton is dependable. Hope railroad station is 3km from the Centre of Castleton is served by the Manchester – Sheffield railroad line with direct trains to both metropoliss, plus connexions to the remainder of the railroad system. Beginning from Castleton. Improvement in Castleton The local people and visitants in the communities has to take attention with the by non falsifying the wild life in the country. Harmonizing to Shaw and Williams ( 2004:182 ) suggested that to prolong touristry the followers can be look at: To run with engagement and consent of local communities, which of class links straight with the thoughts of communities engagement Be in place to portion net income ‘fairly ‘ with the local community Involve communities than persons. Promoting touristry in Castleton Harmonizing to Waugh ( 2002 ) said that â€Å" national park must besides further the economic and societal good being of the local communities. They are besides required to prosecute a policy of sustainable development by which they must take to better the quality of people ‘s lives without destructing the environment † ( model 16, p499 ) . To advance touristry in Castleton the community has to lend in the activities that has been brought and are taking topographic point. By making so it besides creates occupations for the local people in the town or metropolis. The publicity has to be besides enjoyed the qualities by the local communities and the visitants † . The local people have participated in touristry developments. Harmonizing to Ottinger et Al ( 2005 ) suggested that to advance touristry in a certain countries the followers has to be done: â€Å" It enhances International Corporation, foreign direct investing and partnerships with both private and public sectors, at all degrees. Develop plans, including instruction and preparation plan that encourage people to take part in eco- touristry to enable autochthonal and local communities to develop and profit from eco- touristry and enhance stakeholder ‘s cooperation in touristry development † . Number people who visit the peak territory national park, Castleton There are many people or visitants who visit the peak territory national park, Castleton, every twelvemonth. ANNUAL VISITS TO THE MOST POPULAR AREAS IN THE PEAK DISTRICT NATIONAL PARK A Entire Visits % Hiking % rubber-necking Lower Derwent ( inc Chatsworth ) 3,120,000 4 33 Wye Valley ( inc. Bakewell ) 2,560,000 11 18 Hope Valley ( inc. Castleton ) 2,220,000 8 15 Dove A ; Manifold Valleys 2,050,000 21 9 Upper derwent 1,240,000 13 6 Beginning from: the peak territory national park. Decision Recommendation The application of the literature suggests that the local community has to lend to prolong touristry in peak territory national extremum, Castleton ( pdp ) . The application of literature suggest that the local people has to maintain the environment clean so that it does non harm the wild life The application of the literature suggest that the local people and the visitants has to utilize public conveyance or walk to take down the air pollution The application of the literature suggests that visitants have to hold to command their pets or animate being when they visit the peak territory national park, Castleton.

Top 10 Resume Tips that Will Get You Hired in 2017 [Infographic]

Top 10 Resume Tips that Will Get You Hired in 2017 [Infographic] Everyone looking for a searching for a job wants to better their resume. The Internet is saturated with resume related topics dedicated to helping you portray yourself in a professional and concise manner. The folks over at KickResume  have taken this one step further and compiled an infographic detailing the top 10 resume tips that will undoubtedly get you hired. There are plenty of resume advice out there, some are really useful and some are just generic outdated tips. That’s why we compiled a list of best resume tips 2016.

Ethical Decision Making and Leadership as Portrayed in the End of the Essay

Ethical Decision Making and Leadership as Portrayed in the End of the Line Film - Essay Example This study looks into the film â€Å"End of the Line, a documentary film directed by Rupert Murray that focuses on the implications of overfishing across the world. The film is portraying how fishing in modern times is leading to ocean ecosystems destruction. The film shows that the current consumption of fish in the world is very high thereby resulting to overfishing. It shows the fishing communities in the Mediterranean who are long- established being endangered. There is also evidence that the young fishermen in Senegal can no longer compete with the international fleets whose technology is more advanced, hence depriving them the ability to feed their families. Additionally, it reveals that Newfoundland is almost running out of cod despite its fish- rich waters attracting legions of migrants in the past. Apart from these parts of the globe, the film also reveals how overfishing has caused local disparities and corporate iniquities in China, Japan, Malta, and Gibraltar. The film n ot only examines the likely adverse consequences of overfishing to the climate, marine life, and human livelihoods, but also provides potential remedies to these consequences such as reducing the number of fishing fleets. According to Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], the fishing industry is a significant contributor to the world economy, particularly with regard to human food consumption and provision of input factors in some industrial processes. Besides, the industry is a source of livelihood to over 600 million people across the world. Sutherland and Canwell (2011, p. 28) note, fishing industry has three major sectors. The first one is the commercial sector that involves individuals and enterprises that are associated with aquaculture resources and transformations of these resources into sale products. The second sector is recreational sector that is made up of individuals and enterprises that use fishing for purposes of sport or recreation. The third sector is the tradit ional sector that comprises individuals and enterprises that use or derive fisheries resources in accordance with their respective traditions (McGowan, 2003, p. 35). Unfortunately, as it can be seen from the movie, overfishing threatens all these sectors of fishing industry. Ethical Issues in Fishing Industry Fishing industry and the policies that govern it has a wide impact to the living conditions of significant number of people in the world. Fishing is a very crucial source of employment, social and economic benefits, food, and foundation of traditions and cultures (Barnett, 2006, p. 116). Despite the realization that fisheries resources can be depleted, these resources were treated as though they are inexhaustible. However, the recent increase in demand of fish and fish products across the world has brought to light the need to consider how fisheries resources are treated (Vasil'ev, 2011, p. 30). Most expert opinions and researches have indicated that fisheries resources cannot be sustainable in the long run (Kaiser & Forsberg, 2001, p. 191). Out of these facts, ethical issues in fisheries have arisen and they relate to ecosystem and human wellbeing. Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO] (2005) has discussed the right to food, overfishing, ecosystem degradation, poverty as the main ethical issues facing fishing industry. i) Right to Food The first ethical issue in fisheries as noted by FAO is the right to food. FAO observes that fish is a major source of both nutrition and livelihood to millions of poorest people in the world (FAO, 2005, p. 9). Responding to wide spread and persistent hunger, the 1996 Rome Declaration on World Food Security and the World Food Summit Plan of Action reiterated the right of every person to sufficient food and the basic right to be free from hunger as stipulated in the

Corporate Governance in Public Limited Companies in the UK Coursework

Corporate Governance in Public Limited Companies in the UK - Coursework Example The paper tells that in the past years, the increment in freedom has become eminent, in all aspects of business activities thereby creating more opportunities for entrepreneurs. There has been international market development, especially for UK based companies. Cross-borders business relationships have increased dramatically. The UK has also generated a lot of developments. The businesses have clearly indicated that they have the knowledge and the strength to explore new ventures abroad and also in the UK, and have thus helped increase the affluence. The business community wants to show that their enterprises are ready to shoulder this increased responsibly. Many business ventures have realized that by creating good relationships with the stakeholders, there would be more business opportunities that will come up. There should be mutual trust between a company and the public in order to have improved competitiveness and ultimately higher and better living standards of the people. Ensu ring that the business community is trustworthy can be done and achieved by improving relationships between the stakeholders, from the top management to the lowest shareholder. The corporate governance system in the UK has been very effective. Regulations that have been established have assisted enterprises in conducting relations between the stakeholders in companies. It was a firm belief among the UK business community that in order to obtain acceptable results, internal governance and supervision within the enterprises should be increased immensely. There was a lot at stake, and it was important that the initiative came from the business community itself and that it pointed out methods to alleviate the confidence of the stakeholders involved and that the public had the right to demand from enterprises.

Discuss the history of the oil industry in the Middle East, including Essay

Discuss the history of the oil industry in the Middle East, including North Africa - Essay Example The production capacity between these two sides is looked into details to give a precise account of the history of oil production. Analysis Oil deposits were discovered in the Middle East and were collected for a variety of uses; by then there was no venture of exploitation for commercial purpose. This was the period of 18th century and the petroleum found was used as a new source of fuel. Oil exploitation for commercial purposes started officially in the 19th century. It was discovered that the Middle East had great oil reserves and, therefore, this impacted the decision of oil exploitation (Beltran, 234-239). When it was noted that Persia had oil deposits, the British business man called D’Arcy William asked the Persian government to grant him a concession to be able to explore oil in the country. They agreed at sharing the profit from the oil that would be extracted and share at a given percentage. He started officially extracting oil and making great sales within the perio d but along the way he ran bankrupt and, therefore, sorted assistance from the British government. During that period, around 1905, a British company named Burmah Oil was the only one operating in that region and was in a stable condition and able to ran the exploitation processes efficiently. Therefore the British government pressurized the company to give William the necessary assistance that he required to continue with the extraction processes so as to avoid a situation where he could have sold it another state or company. The company accepted the offer and several ventures were made to exploit the oil deposits. After 1905, several advances were conducted within the Middle East and large amounts of oil deposits were discovered. These lead to an increase in the percentage of oil production within the Middle East. Oil was further discovered in the areas of Arabia, peninsula Caspian Sea, Iraq and Kuwait. Till this period, the exploitation and extraction were only done by the compan ies and the countries only received concessions. These means that the countries were receiving so much less of the actual produce profit. The problem arose to the fact that the money received from the share profit of the oil extraction was poorly used by the corrupt members of government. The end result was that the whole nation was not benefiting from the oil extraction projects, but only the elite members of the country. These led to backward growth of the economy of the countries. Take, for example, Venezuela: it was faced by extreme corruption and overexploitation of the only resource that was supposed to support the whole country which led to the crumbling of the economy. Within the Middle East, politics started taking tall and affecting oil exploitation. Another problem arose at the start of the World War II where oil deposits were being bombed to cripple the energy sector of the army. The U.S and Europe which was producing plenty of petroleum decided to fuel its allies in the war, which created a big problem to the Middle East. The Muslims were unable to concentrate in the production of oil and the U.S found a chance to control the oil exploitation (Cook, 56-76). A report that was conducted by the team of DeGoyler reported to the state department that Saud Arabia was sitting on oil deposits worth 20 billion dollars. The real estimate of oil

Background Of English Neologisms

Background Of English Neologisms Languages are changing as the world is constantly changing. After the Second World War, English neologisms emerged in a remarkable way. New vocabulary came into existence due to new technologies and new discoveries such as ; computing, internet , cell phones and the like. Peoples daily activities like dancing, looking and many others, renewed their popularity giving birth to new lexicon. In deed, new words are invented rapidly and are developed quickly thanks to mass communication. They appear and fall into disuse when they have served their momentary purpose ( Bernhart 54).Only a few of them will get recorded in glossaries of neologisms of general dictionaries. The matter of neologism becomes a new hot spot of research owing to its practical and prevailing use in reality. The study of neologisms evoked a whole cluster of questions: -What are the reasons beyond the rise of new lexicon? -Why are some new words just a flash in a pan? -Why are other words successful? -What are the qualities that make a word successful? -Are Neologisms markers of changes in societies? Chapter 01:Literature Review 1. 1.Definition of a Neologism The term neologism originates from Greek: neos means ‘new‘, logos means ‘word‘, i. e. a neologism is literally a new word. â€Å"Neologism is the creation of a new lexical item as a response to changed circumstances in the external world, which achieves some currency within a speech communityâ€Å"(qtd. in Chrystal 1992: 264) at a particular time. In linguistics, a neologism is a recently-coined word, or the act of inventing a word or phrase. Additionally it can imply the use of old words in a new sense (i.e., giving new meanings to existing words or phrases). Neologisms are especially useful in identifying new inventions, new phenomena, or old ideas which have taken on a new cultural context. The word neologism was coined around 1800 and was, at that time, a neologism itself. A person who develops a neologism is sometimes called a neologist; neology is the act of introducing a new word into a language. l. 2. Background of English Neologisms The famous American new word expert John Algeo wrote in the preface of his book Fifty Years Among the New Words, â€Å"Although the dictionary of new word is warmly welcomed by readers only in recent years, actually the compiling of English dictionary began with the collection of new word ever since 1604.† The early English dictionaries like Table Alphabeticall (1604, Robert Cawdrey), English Expositor (1616, John Bullokar), and The English Dictionarie (1623, Henry Cockeram) all embodied some â€Å"hard words†, which were absolutely new words to people in those days. Thus, those dictionaries somehow held the characteristics of neologism dictionary. However, the scientific and systematic study of neologism began at 200 years later, the 20th century. In 1902, Leon Mead published a book named Word-Coinage, being an Inquiry into Recent Neologisms, also a Brief Study of Literary Style, Slang, and Provincialisms, which said to be the first book studying neologism in the 20th. Although it was not a neologism dictionary, it contained some articles about new words. Whats more, Mead put forward the idea of making research on new words for the first time in the history. He also provided lots of examples of new words created by some American writers at that time. In 1920, C.Alphonso Smith, the dean of the English department of American Navy Institute wrote a book entitled New Words Self-defined, in which 420 new words were illustrated by examples. This had proved to be a big progress in the research on the neologisms. From 1937 to 1940, the famous American scholar Dwight Bolinger first applied newspapers and magazines to introduce new word. He created a column, The Living Language, in the newspaper, Words. In 1943, the column was brought into American speech and the title was changed into Among the New Words. Then, in the next year,Professor I. Willis Russell took the place of Bolinger and became the chief-editor of the column. He wrote articles entitled Words and Meanings, New, to introduce new words and their new meanings. War is said to be the major cradle for the born of new words. Majorie Taylor, a librarian in New York, collected numerous neologisms created during the World War II. In 1944, Taylor compiled a word-list, The Language of World War II: Abbreviation, captions, Quotations, Slogans, Titles and Other Terms and Phrases, in which every new word was explained. Similarly, Clarence Barnhart published his Dictionary of U.S. Army Terms. At that time, some academic magazines also published articles to introduce new words. Many neologism dictionaries in the 1950s are very popular, especially the Dictionary of New Words in English compiled by Paul Charles Berg in 1953 and The Dictionary of New Words by Mary Reifer in 1955. During 1950s, Mr. Paul Charles Berg did a lot of job to collect new words about the war, which brought us his Dictionary of New Words in English in 1953. After the World War II, science and technology development had greatly influenced the society. Subsequently, a lot of scientific and technical words were flooding into the language field. A lot of neologism dictionaries about words in those fields were published. Two of them are mostly welcomed: An Explaining and Pronouncing Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Words by W. E. Flood Michael West and Words of Sciences and the History Blind Them by Isaac Asimov. From 1970s on, the study of English neologism drew great attention from western scholars, many of them established special column to introduce new words in English, such as William Safire who was well known for his On Language in New York Times weekly and Anne H. Soukhanow who was the chief-editor of Word Watch. In Safires column, he provided a considerably clear explanation of new words by citing typical examples, exploring their origins and performing their current usage. Besides, the American Dialect Association Dispatches introduced some new words yearly to the public. For instance, in 1994, â€Å"information superhighway† was rewarded as the newest word; â€Å"cybersex† was the most surprising word and â€Å"mosaic culture† the most unnecessary word. The digital revolution in 1990s is the radical reshaping and restructuring of social patterns. â€Å"Because of the wild spread of internet, America is speaking a whole new language†, said Shawn Holley in his The New Word Revolution. Lots of neologisms that have a historical significance by reason of the influence they exerted on the language field are brought into existence. According to the statistics, more than 20 neologism dictionaries have been compiled, among which some put emphasis on the academic field and some are distinctive by their popularity. Oxford English Dictionary, Websters Third New International Dictionary and Barhart Dictionary of New English are the ones with the highest academic value. New words are numerous. Sometimes it seems as if a new word has about as much chance of developing into a permanent addition to our vocabulary. Only few of them will remain as serious candidates for the dictionary. Books especially about new words are abundant. However, only a few scholars have ventured to propose factors that make for the success of new words. One is Goran Kjellmer, whose article Potential Words in the journal Word for August 2000 also reviews previous proposals. The other is the executive secretary of American Dialect Society, Allan Metcalf who proposed the FUDGE scale. The two reached different conclusions. Along with books and periodicals, there is the Internet. In particular, it makes my extensive searches for examples of how words are actually used today possible. Here the author has searched thousands of pages indexed by Google.com countless times to find current uses of words under discussion. A jump of several decades has showed us more researches on the neologisms. Language reflects our life, and the research on the neologisms has never been stopped. By collecting new words or phrases occurring in languages, the previous researches have provided precious materials for the further exploration in this field. Therefore, a careful look at the research background of neologisms carries an essential academic significance. In china, the study of neologism began from 1980s. Most of the specific works and papers are mere introduction of theories from abroad lacking of much original study. To keep up with the latest English vocabulary is really difficult, thus a thorough and systematic analysis about English new words is of practical significance both in learning and teaching of English as a foreign language. Chapter 02: Factors for the Rise of English Neologisms It is not language change itself that has occupied the attention of historical linguists for the past decades, but the causes and the processes of change. Early researchers, such as Saussure (1922) or Bloomfield (1933), for instance, maintained that the causes of linguistic change cannot be established despite numerous attempts at feasible explanations (Wardhaugh,1990:187). The majority of the early researchers have maintained also that the actual processes of change cannot be observed that what one can observe and perhaps analyses are the consequences of change. The findings of later research, however, envisage the process of change as an initial fluctuation between the new and the old, with the completion of the process occurring when the new replaces the old (Fromkin et al.,1996:295). In other words, if the new form, be it phonological, morpho-syntactic, lexical or semantic, spreads the change is in progress, if it eventually replaces the old form, the change has become a fait ac compli it has gone to completion(Holmes,1992:212). In regard to the causes of change, although the reasons for an aspect of a language undergoing change at a particular point in time still remain unclear, a number of theories have been proposed, depending on the orientation of individual researchers. For instance, Mcmahon M.S (1994: 179-182) discussing causes of semantic change, delineates the following: Linguistic causes Historical causes (subdivided into ideas and scientific concepts) Social causes Psychological causes (subdivided into emotive factors and taboo) Foreign influence The need for a new name Quite a lot of reasons are responsible for the creating of English neologisms. Any new thing or new concept, which takes place in our society, may provide a foundation for the creating of the new words. In the following, four of the major reasons will be emphasized: 1) the rise of new concepts and new ideas in social culture; 2) new discoveries in science and technology; 3) the manufacture of new products in economy, and 4) the events in the field of politics. Accompanied by a series of neologisms, we can have a clearer understanding of the current English neologisms. 2.1. Sociolcultural Changes: 2.1.1. New Concepts and ideas in Social Culture. The improving living condition and the enhancing cultural standard have formed a solid basis on which a large number of new things find their occurrence. It is not necessary to demonstrate that with the development of social culture, new concepts and ideas are introduced into us constantly. Since there are many more concepts than there are existing words, there will always be new words created. Changes in social outlook and manners of behavior call for new terms such as beatnik, peacenik, and hippie. Even new culinary arrangements demand new labels and in English they have some forth in the form of cheeseburger, chiliburger, mushroomburger, etc. (Anderson, 1973) Brian Foster presents us a striking example of how fast English vocabulary changes. In the year 1914, a young girl named Monica Baldwin entered a convent, remaining secluded there until 1941. When she returned to the outer world, she found herself in a totally different world: the conditions of everyday life altered by technical developments and social changes were beyond recognition. Whats more puzzling to her was the language people speaking. During a railway journey, the term â€Å"luggage in advance† meant nothing to her. Reading the daily newspapers made her feel idiotic in the extreme, because words like jazz, Gin, Hollywood, Cool, noshing and Isolationism were completely incomprehensible to her. Not to mention how bewildered she was at hearing friends say, â€Å"Its your funeral† or â€Å"believe it or not†. (Brian Foster, 1981) Lets look at another example â€Å"moonlighting†. It was anything but new to the vocabulary, and it gained a brand new meaning in 1957 as the verb to moonlight and its related noun, moonlighting. Time magazine, beamed moonlighting at its readers in its issue of July 22nd, 1957. According to Time, it was in fact not just a new name, but a new trend and a new concern. MOON-LIGHTING, proclaimed the headline: A Problem Born of Prosperity. As a noun, moonlight goes back with the moon itself to the beginning of the English language and even earlier to the Germanic and Indo-European ancestors of English. Presumably ever since humans could speak, they have talked about the light of the moon. As a verb, to moonlight is more recent, but it still goes back to the nineteenth century. From the start it has meant doing something by the light of the moon, but at first this was something that could get one arrested. In the nineteenth century, moonlight was a slang term for the activity of burglars, who benefited from moonlight at their work. In the twentieth century, it was also used for herding cattle and hunting deer by moonlight. Whether it was the illegal work that in 1957 caused the transmutation of moonlight into a standard term for legal work, or whether this new meaning was independently derived from the original moonlight, nobody knows. And it doesnt matter much. Either way, moonlight meaning the light of the moon easily took on its second meaning of to work a second job, and Americans have been moonlighting ever since. This second meaning seems likely to stay in the vocabulary, as long as people continue to hold down second jobs. 2.1.2.Disguising Language, â€Å"Misnomers† While taboo words are words that have been banned by the speech community, â€Å"misnomers† are words that individuals have decided to coin in order to deceive the hearer by disguising unpleasant concepts. Examples: E. friendly fire instead of bombardment by own troops. 2.1.3.Prestige, Fashion Lexical change may be based on the prestige of another language or another variety of the same language, certain fashionable word-formation patterns or certain fashionable semasiological centers of expansion. The kernel of this force is mostly found outside of language. It is often the prestige of a culture, the superiority of a group or politics which cause speakers to adopt linguistic elements (words, morphemes, morphs, sounds) from the prestigious groups speech. Example: English, for instance, borrowed heavily from French during the ME. period because the upper social classes were made up of French people: garment, flower, rose, face, prince, hour, question, dance, fork, royal, loyal, fine, zero are all Gallicisms. Today, English is now the most prestigious language for many parts of the world. 2.1.4.Social, or Demographic, Reasons By social, or demographic, reasons we shall refer to the contact between different social groups. This contact may easily, and rather subconsciously, trigger off lexical change— the more intensive the social contact is, the more intensive the linguistic exchange. Example: In the history of the English language, the two prominent instances of exchanges between two social groups were the one with the Vikings in the 8th to 11th centuries and the one with the French in the 11th to 15th centuries. The force of direct contact between different speech communities must not be mixed up with the prestige force, where no direct contact with the other speech community is necessary. Thus, we can say that the early French loans (from Northern French) rather go back to the everyday contact with the English population and the French soldiers, not so early French loans (from Parisian French) go back to the prestige of the French aristocracy, the French loans in the official bilingual phase of Englands history may either go back to prestige or to the social contact or to both. Examples: The inherited ey is replaced by Scandinavian egg, the inherited nimen is replaced by Scandinavian taken except for theform benumb, throwen is supplemented by Scandinavian casten; early French loans are army, carpenter, catch. 2.1.5.Culture-Induced Salience of a Concept (â€Å"Cultural Salience†) Sometimes concepts are not salient to humans because of gerenal human nature, but because of the concepts cultural values. Their salience can change with the change of culture. Example: The increased importance of arts and fashion has affected the lexical treatment of the conceptual field of colors: from a vague differentiation between dark blue and light blue to a neat distinction between cobalt blue, royal blue, indigo etc. (such neat detailed differentiations often originate in expert slang and then penetrate the language of the general speech community). Conceptual fields which have gained salience through cultural importance may very well serve as designations in other conceptual field in the form of metaphors. Example: In the US, a lot of metaphors in general language have been taken from the field of baseball, e.g. to be off base ‘to be completely wrong, to hit a home run ‘to be highly successful and from the field of entrepreneurship. 2.1.6.Word-Play The category of word play includes humor, irony and puns. Although word-play often goes hand in hand with other factors (such as taboo, prestige or anthropological salience), it can also trigger lexical change on its own. Example: ModE. perfect lady ‘prostitute, to take French leave ‘to leave secretly (without paying), to cool ‘look ( 2.2 New discoveries and Products In Science and Technology Suppose youre advancing the cause of science rather than pitching a product, and you have something new to report—a new element, a new compound, or a new species. How does it get a name? No new science is possible without neologisms, new words or new interpretations of old words to describe and explain reality in new ways. How could Aristotle have developed the logic of syllogisms or Newton thetheory of dynamics without new vocabularies and definitions? They were neologists, and everybody wanting to contribute new knowledge must be. For new knowledge there is no way around the creation of new terms and concepts. For new objects and new inventions, scientific discoveries, technical theories, etc, the new name is usually the work of one man or of a very few. To reject neologisms, often despicably, is to reject scientific development. No sign of scientific conservatism is so telling as the rejection of all but the established concepts of a school of thought. Neologisms are, however, relative to the terminological paradigm actually dominating a field of knowledge. It may be a radical renewal to introduce terms from a tradition believed to be outmoded. Nowadays the idea of the technical highway has been very familiar to people. Development in the science and technology has brought tremendous energy to the improvement of our civilization. And these achievements also find their reflections in language. Technical advancements in a society demand new designator terms, many of which can be found in linguistics such as hypercorrection, phoneme, allomorph, etc. The progress of science and technology gives occasion for the large majority of new words; for a new thing we must have a new name; hence, for instance, motor, argon, and appendicitis. It is interesting to see that the last word did not exist, or was at least too obscure to be recorded, when the Oxford Dictionary began to come out in 1888; but we cannot do without it now. Take the word software for example, that computer term was invented by John W. Tukey, a statistician at Princeton University. As long ago as 1958, he used the word in the American Mathematical Monthly. Today the software comprising the carefully planned interpretive routines, compilers, and other aspects of automotive programming are at least as important to the modern electronic calculator as its hardware of tubes, transistors, wires, tapes and the like. Tukey was already known for inventing another now- famous computer term. In 1946 he used the little word bit as the designation for a unit of information, a binary digit with value 0 or 1. That led a decade later to bytes (groups of bits, now always eight, a term invented by Werner Buchholz at IBM) and to todays kilo-, mega; and tera-bytes of computer storage and information. 2.3 The Manufacture of New Products in Economy Economic development is the mainstream of our era. The improvement of language, to a certain extent, benefits a lot from the new phenomenon that occurs in the economic field. In this competitive world, any innovation or fresh things taking place in economy will soon find their voice in the language. If theres anything a new product needs, its a brand name. To the extent that the product succeeds, the name will too. Its a sure thing, the one way to guarantee that a new term will be a success: spend mighty amounts of money on marketing persuade people to buy and keep on buying a product, and they will call it by the name you give it. When you want a product, a company would like you to think of its brand name. The Coca-Cola Company wants people to think of a Coke when they want a soft drink. But if the marketing is successful enough and the name Coke is embedded in peoples vocabulary, people will ask for a Coke and be satisfied if they get a Pepsi. In fact, in the southeastern United States, home of Coca-Cola, Coke is such a successful brand that many people there (and in the rest of the country) refer to any soft drink as a coke. Some brand names even joined the pack of the general vocabulary. Here are some of them: Aspirin: a name for acetylsalicylic acid, trademarked by the Bayer Company of Germany at the start of the twentieth century. Elevator and escalator: both originally trademarks of the Otis Elevator Company. Zipper: a name given to a separable fastener by the B.F. Goodrich Company many years after it was invented. The new name helped the zipper attain popularity in the 1930s. Loafer: for a moccasin-like shoe. Cellophane: for a transparent wrap made of cellulose. Granola: a trademark registered in 1886 by W K. Kellogg, now used for a natural kind of breakfast cereal. Ping-pong: for table tennis, a trademark registered by Parker Brothers in 1901. Xerox: for photocopier. Kleenex: for facial tissue. Band-Aid: for adhesive bandage. Tupperware: for storage container. Scotch tape: for transparent adhesive tape. Jazzercise: for exercise to jazz music. 2.4. The Events in the Field of Politics. The forming of English new words is sometimes considered as the result of the political changes. Language reflects the society, as it has always been. Politics is an essential part of the development of the world; therefore, it can easily find its relative neologisms in the language field. For instance, when Mr. Bill Clinton was elected as the president of the US., his name has been associated with many political words. His policy is Clintonian, he is carrying out the Clintionism, his economics policy is Clintonomics, and his supporters were called Clintonites, he ultimately wanted to realize his Clintonization. Another widespread usage of affixes is â€Å"-gate†, which came from the historical Watergate event. People took use of Irangate to disclose the involvement of some American government office workers in U.S. selling arms to Iran. Camillagate was used to mean the love affair of British Prince Charles and his lover Camilla Parker. Nannygate was pointed to the illegal hire of baby-sitter or the hire of illegal immigrants. Another striking example, On September 11, 2001, the peace of a sunny late-summer morning was shattered by the impact of four hijacked airplanes on the World Trade Center towers, the Pentagon, and a field in Pennsylvania. There were more direct casualties in these disasters than on any previous day in American history, and soon the entire country felt the impact of damaged or destroyed lives, businesses, and sense of security. Out of the ashes came patriotism, resolve, and unity. And out of the ashes came new words, too, to describe new situations never before imagined. The events stir memories of Pearl Harbor and Oklahoma City, and we refer to other memorable occasions by their locations — Lexington and Concord, Gettysburg, Little Big Horn, and Wounded Knee — but in this case the name of place wont work. Its not just because several places were involved, but also because the places are too famous. New York City and Washington, DC, have too many other connotations, so do the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. For lack of a suitable designation deriving from place, we have used the date as a reference point: September 11. That does have a well-known precedent. One other event in American history is referred to by its date: July 4 or the Fourth of July, the date in 1776 when the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Philadelphia. In addition to the spelled-out month and day, the numerals 9/11 or 9-11 have been used. Never before has such a historic event been so labeled, but because of the striking coincidence that 911 is the telephone number to call for help in an emergency, that numerical designation has been a success. Headline writers like the concision of this expression, just three numerals to take in all the events of that day. So far, the events of that day have resulted in just one new term: ground zero, for the place of impact, the center of destruction in New York City where the World Trade Towers once stood. That phrase has succeeded because it is not really new; its an old term for the location on the ground directly under a vast atomic explosion, corresponding to air zero, the location in the air above the ground where the bomb goes off. Ground zero had been gathering dust on the shelf in recent years because of a fortunate lack of atomic explosions. No one knows who first said ground zero in reference to the site where the World Trade Towers were attacked and collapsed, but the term immediately caught on because of its familiarity and emotional power. Chapter 03:Success of English Neologisms 3.1. How are Neologisms Found? The authority for a word in fact, the authority for a language rests with the users of the language. Thus, the process of adding new words to the dictio ­nary begins with a systematic examination of almost everything printed and said in English. As far as ‘Among the New Words‘ is concerned, this important task â€Å"citation with source informationâ€Å" (qtd. in Algeo 1991a: 3) is fulfilled by active members of the Words Committee, who contribute the words they regard as new in any material they read or listen to (Algeo 1991a: 3). The cited word must contain the name of the publication, the day, and the page number. Concerning oral citations, the source information must consist of the day the sentence was heard and where and when one came across it (Algeo 1991a: 3). The following list shows that usually American dictionaries are consulted (with the exceptions of two British dictionaries: the OED and Websters Third) to check the newness of each contribution (Algeo 1991a: 2): Random House Websters College Dictionary, 1991. Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., 1989. World Book Dictionary, 1989 Websters New World Dictionary, 3d College ed., 1988. Random House Dictionary, 2d ed. Unabridged, 1987. Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, 1983. Websters Third New International Dictionary, 1961. Only if the new word is assumed to be British, are additional British dictionaries referred to. To make sure that a neologism has not been lexicalized yet, the following dictionaries of neologisms are used: Third Barnhart Dictionary of New English. 1990. Chambers English Dictionary, 1988. Collins Concise Dictionary, 2d ed., 1988. Collins Dictionary, 2d ed., 1986. Longman Dictionary, 1984. Readers Digest Great Illustrated Dictionary, 1984. If a word entered one of these dictionaries, then it is usually not recorded in ‘Among the New Words‘ (Algeo 91a: 2). Since ‘Among the New Words‘ receives more citations than there is space to print, a selection has to be made. The criteria on what and when to enter a word is up to the lexicographer. As I said, lexicographers have different opinions (Algeo 1991b: 75) and therefore it is hard to give exact rules. However, two principles can be set up: the absolutely newness of a word and the reflection of the zeitgeist. 3.2. Reasons of Success of Neologisms 3.2.1 The frequency of occurrences The most important factor is that a word appears in as many different sources as possible. The more sources (newspapers, magazines, books etc.) a word appears in, the more obvious is the frequency and range of the term (Sheidlower 33). Besides, the more a word is cited the more popular it is; and consequently the more likely it is to be included in a dictionary. 3.2.2 Range among sources It is of interest to know the range of the new word because if a word is only common in a special field, it is not a candidate for a general dictionary but rather for a technical one. Therefore, a general dictionary excludes technical terms or terms well known in a certain field because they are not of general interest. However, there are exceptions: the term intellectual property[1]was

Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation :: Chemicals Anatomy Papers

Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation Creatine is a metabolite that is produced naturally by the human body. It is found mainly in the red muscle tissue, but it is also present in the heart and brain. Normally, creatine is acquired through regular dietary intake of products such as meat and fish, which are high in protein. However, when dietary intake is low creatine can be produced from natural amino acids such as glycine, arginine, and methionine in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. Creatine monohydrate is the synthetic form of creatine (http://creatine-info.com/ - Information on Creatine Monohydrate). How does creatine work? What is its purpose? Creatine functions to increase the availability of cellular ATP, adenosine triphosphate. Muscular contractions take place off the presence of ATP and the how quickly it can be regenerated; therefore, an increase in creatine levels is thought to increase the force of muscle contractions (http://www.creatinefacts.com/creatine_monohydrate1.htm). Creatine works by acting on mechanisms of ATP by donating a phosphate ion to increase the availability of ATP. Thus, creatine claims to enhance physical performance by increasing energy and therefore, delaying or minimizing fatigue and adding to the amount of time spent training or working out (http://angelfire.com/co/Creatine/index.html and http://creatine-info.com/ - Information on Creatine Monohydrate). How much creatine should be taken? Currently there are no set dosage levels for creatine monohydrate because each person has a maximum level of creatine that cannot be exceeded; therefore, the key to creatine is to benefit from the lowest dosage possible. The most popular dosage regiment has two phases: the loading phase consists of loading the body with creatine to get the levels up. In this phase, 1 heaping teaspoon dose of approximately 5grams is recommended four times daily for one to five days. This is followed by the maintenance phase, which sustains the desired high levels of creatine in the body. The dosage is lowered to 1 teaspoon one to three times a day. The intake of creatine causes the muscle cells to volumize. Basically becoming very hydrated. However, other methods suggest that the loading phase is unnecessary (http://nutrasense.com/nutrasense/creatmon.htm - crdosage). It is also suggested that the most efficient way to maximize low dosages of creatine is to follow the dosage regiment in a cyclical fash ion. If creatine levels are allowed to subside and then one takes the supplement, greater results will be seen. In addition, more substantial improvements are likely to be seen in those with a restricted meat diet or those who are vegetarians (http://bodytrends.

Courage Essay

Courage/Coward essay For my character I chose Tom Robinson. He is one of the main characters and is the basis of the story â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird. † Tom is sort of like the underlying hero in a way. He brought the Finch’s a little closer as a family as well. I think Tom had courage because he walked by the Ewell place (knowing the kind of people they are), also for sticking around after the accusation and not fleeing to somewhere to hide, and finally because he was innocent for the crime, and didn’t fight back when they convicted him.Tom had quite a bit of courage to me for just walking by the Ewell house. Everybody in Macomb knew what kind of person Bob Ewell was. The fact that they lived at the dump is even more foreboding to go near their house. Not trying to sound too judgmental but that just sounds like a bad idea. So I do give Tom credit for walking by there as much as he did. â€Å"Yes. I’ve walked by there many times. † To me, Tom showe d a massive amount of courage by staying around for his trial.At this time, many people would have fled and gone to a new place to lay low. Tom stuck around like a real man to await the judge’s decision. That takes guts. He could have easily of gathered his belongings and his family, then left and gone far, far away. â€Å"no quote. † When the judge sent the jury to go converse and make a verdict, Tom and everyone in the courthouse knew what was coming. They all knew Tom was going to jail. It was a one sided case from the start. t was one man against a whole town. I believe Tom showed a great deal of courage for keeping his composer and staying calm through the trial. â€Å"Mr. Tate left the room and returned with Tom Robinson. He steered Tom to his place beside Atticus and stood there. † I do, however, think Tom was slightly a coward for one reason. I believ he should have spoken his mind with more emotion and force. If he had shown his true emotions about the situation, he might have had a better chance of being let go.Emotions appeal to people and can alter the way they think of someone. Tom might have been able to change the jury’s opinions and he would have been home free. â€Å"no quote. † Tom Robinson was definitely one of my favorite characters of the book. He showed courage in many ways, these are just three I liked the most. To me, Tom was a good man, just doing a good deed and as the saying goes, â€Å"no good deed goes unpunished. † I don’t agree with the verdict at all. Tom was innocent.

F. Scott Fitzgerals Bio essays

F. Scott Fitzgerals Bio essays F. Scott Fitzgerald was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on September 24, 1896, his father and mother were both of catholic and Irish descent (Meyers). He was given three names Francis Scott Fitzgerald after the writer of The Star Spangled Banner. Edward Fitzgeralds great-great-greatgrandfather was the brother of Francis Scott Keys grandfather. (Cowley) Both of his parents came from different backgrounds. His mother came from a family where money meant position, stability and security. But on his fathers side right instincts, good manners, the need for honor, courtesy and courage(Mizener) were what was important. His father, Edward failed as a manufacture of wicker furniture in St. Paul and became a salesman for Procter s family emigrated from Ireland in 1843 and started a wholesale grocery business in Saint Paul that was very successful. (Meyers) He loved his father, but could hardly respect him and his feelings for his mother were even more complicated. Fitzgeralds mother, Molly, had two children (girls) before Fitzgerald was born, Mary and Louise, who suddenly died during and epidemic, at the ages of one and three while his mother was pregnant with him. Four years after he was born his mother gave birth to another daughter who survived only and hour. Meyers Fitzgerald grew up spoiled with a high society attitude. He became sickly and much coddled child (Meyers) so Molly loved to show him off. When company came over, she would have him perform in his Little Lord Fauntleroy suit by reciting something or singing a song and bow when everyone would clap. Mollie was extremely ambitious for her son socially. When Scott was young he would pretend that he had royal blood and that he had...

Free Essays on Mascots

Do you remember when you went to your school football games and seen the schools mascots. Well how would you like it if the board of education said you were humiliating someone’s cultural? The only way to fix it is to get rid of the mascot that has been symbolizing your school for the last thirty years or so. You would not like it and many students that are in high school with Indian mascots are going through this. Many schools such as Fallbrook also know as the warriors, the El Cajon valley high braves are some of the schools that are some of the high schools that legislation wants to abolish the mascots. The legislation is saying that high school mascots that symbol American Indians are making fun of there cultural. I personally don’t see what can offend them as me being part Indian don’t see anything wrong with it. Mascots are a high school must but what would you do if your teachers said you are making fun of Indians because you are the Fallbrook warriors. Well I would want to know why? Many students are probably not aware of him or her making someone’s cultural. I don’t think they should be saying they are â€Å"humiliating Indian cultural†. As a student I think that many things are wrong with this. First off-instead of changing the school’s mascots because they are ‘humiliating Indians† they should educate the students on were there mascots are from and study the cultural. As for me I don’t think they are offending at all. Mascots are a necessary in high school it’s a way to have fun and get away form classes. Different mascots are better then just one because if we all had the same school mascot it would not be as much fun. As for the schools that have Indians as there mascots don’t make it â€Å"humiliating† they make it honorable. If you ask me I think the legislation should educate their students or their mascots and not waste the money and change them.... Free Essays on Mascots Free Essays on Mascots Do you remember when you went to your school football games and seen the schools mascots. Well how would you like it if the board of education said you were humiliating someone’s cultural? The only way to fix it is to get rid of the mascot that has been symbolizing your school for the last thirty years or so. You would not like it and many students that are in high school with Indian mascots are going through this. Many schools such as Fallbrook also know as the warriors, the El Cajon valley high braves are some of the schools that are some of the high schools that legislation wants to abolish the mascots. The legislation is saying that high school mascots that symbol American Indians are making fun of there cultural. I personally don’t see what can offend them as me being part Indian don’t see anything wrong with it. Mascots are a high school must but what would you do if your teachers said you are making fun of Indians because you are the Fallbrook warriors. Well I would want to know why? Many students are probably not aware of him or her making someone’s cultural. I don’t think they should be saying they are â€Å"humiliating Indian cultural†. As a student I think that many things are wrong with this. First off-instead of changing the school’s mascots because they are ‘humiliating Indians† they should educate the students on were there mascots are from and study the cultural. As for me I don’t think they are offending at all. Mascots are a necessary in high school it’s a way to have fun and get away form classes. Different mascots are better then just one because if we all had the same school mascot it would not be as much fun. As for the schools that have Indians as there mascots don’t make it â€Å"humiliating† they make it honorable. If you ask me I think the legislation should educate their students or their mascots and not waste the money and change them....

SOAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SOAP - Essay Example 3 Appendicitis: patient lying still; involuntary guarding; tenderness in RLQ; other tests for peritoneal irritation positive; rebound tenderness; variation in presentation common, particularly with infants, children, and elderly (Dains, Baumann and Scheibel, 2012). 4 Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Abdominal tenderness, CMT and adnexal tenderness (usually bilateral); with peritonitis can also have guarding and rebound tenderness; fever and vaginal discharge common (Dains, Baumann and Scheibel, 2012). a Rationale: an abdomen or pelvis CT scan is done to diagnose the causes of abdominal pain which is often unexplained or infections (Corwin et al, 2014). Some causes of abdominal pain include infections such as appendicitis. a Rationale: the transvaginal ultrasound test looks at the reproductive organs of a woman, including the cervix, ovaries and the uterus. The test is conducted when there is an ectopic pregnancy or pelvic pain (Saccardi et al, 2012). a. Rationale: this is an ultrasound that focuses on the female pelvis. It examines a woman’s pelvic organs including the cervix, ovaries, uterus and the uterus lining (endometrium). A pelvic ultrasound is vital in diagnosing symptoms which are often felt by females such as pelvic pain. Also, a pelvic ultrasound is vital in monitoring the development and health of a fetus or embryo during pregnancy (Durham et al, 1997). Summary: (EXAMPLE GIVEN) I found this case particularly interesting because it allows me to utilize what I’ve learned during our health assessment workshop on campus I learned to evaluate the patient. By observing patient’s gait and performing test such as the Tinel’s sign test and Varus/Valgus stress test I was able to rule out possible sprain and/or tunnel syndrome (Graham & Uphold, 2003). I learned from my preceptor how to order test like x-ray and how to refer patients to other interdisciplinary

Critically appraise the fiscal strategy of the UK Conservative-Liberal Essay - 1

Critically appraise the fiscal strategy of the UK Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition government - Essay Example Amongst the compromises that the two parties made were their held fiscal policies, which have greatly affected the country to the present moment. The unresolved budgetary deficits, a weak economy and no framework for making a quick recovery for the economy can show this. When the recession hit Great Britain in the period 2007-2009, the Labour Government continued in its overspending in terms of the budget, which worsened the state of the public finances (Giudice, Kuenzel and Springbett, 2012, p. 22).   At the campaigns of the 2010 general election, the Conservatives promised faster action to curb borrowing in order to stabilize the economy. Through a new budget introduced on June 22, 2010 by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the government planned to remove the deficit in the budget by the period 2014-2015. By this time, the amount of borrowing as a share of the GDP would have reduced, achieved through cuts in spending by a figure of 80% and increases in tax by 20%. This reassured the financial markets who continued to lend money and at the same time maintaining a low cost in the repayment of existing money owing. By doing this, the Conservatives had made a concession to their Liberal Democrats Coalition partners, which have led to several difficul ties with regard to the fiscal strategy and policy as originally made. The United Kingdom Conservative-Liberal Democrat Coalition Government aims at reducing the spending by the government so that the deficits that are in the budget are reduced. As already stated, it was initiated in the year 2010 with the main aim of achieving â€Å"cyclically-adjusted current balance by the end of the rolling, five-year forecast period†. This means that the intention of the fiscal policy was to have the austerity measures in place until the period 2015-2016, but this was pushed to 2018. What these austerity measures meant were